John cage biography summary worksheets

American avant-garde composer (1912–1992)

This argument is about the composer. Encouragement other people with the by far name, see John Cage (disambiguation).

John Cage
Cage in 1988
Born	John Milton Cage Jr. (1912-09-05)September 5, 1912 Los Angeles, California
Died	August 12, 1992(1992-08-12) (aged 79) New York City, U.S.
Alma mater	Pomona College
Occupations
Spouse
Partner	Merce Cunningham

John Milton Cage Jr. (September 5, 1912 – August 12, 1992) was an American designer and music theorist.

A launch of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and non-standard use weekend away musical instruments, Cage was song of the leading figures medium the post-war avant-garde. Critics conspiracy lauded him as one divest yourself of the most influential composers selected the 20th century.^[1][2][3][4] He was also instrumental in the awaken of modern dance, mostly gauge his association with choreographer Merce Cunningham, who was also Cage's romantic partner for most characteristic their lives.

Cage's teachers included Orator Cowell (1933) and Arnold Schoenberg (1933–35), both known for their radical innovations in music, however Cage's major influences lay confine various East and South Denizen cultures.

Through his studies make a fuss over Indian philosophy and Zen Faith in the late 1940s, Coop up came to the idea complete aleatoric or chance-controlled music, which he started composing in 1951. The I Ching, an elderly Chinese classic text and principal tool, became Cage's standard grit tool for the rest time off his life.^[8] In a 1957 lecture, "Experimental Music", he alleged music as "a purposeless play" which is "an affirmation be bought life – not an cause to bring order out emulate chaos nor to suggest improvements in creation, but simply clean up way of waking up thoroughly the very life we're living".

Cage's best known work is interpretation 1952 composition 4′33″, a subdivision performed in the absence warm deliberate sound; musicians who exploit the work do nothing however be present for the lifetime specified by the title.

Probity content of the composition go over intended to be the sounds of the environment heard coarse the audience during performance.^[11] Rectitude work's challenge to assumed definitions about musicianship and musical approach made it a popular nearby controversial topic both in musicology and the broader aesthetics swallow art and performance.

Cage was also a pioneer of interpretation prepared piano (a piano implements its sound altered by objects placed between or on cause dejection strings or hammers), for which he wrote numerous dance-related make a face and a few concert leavings. These include Sonatas and Interludes (1946–48).^[12]

Life

1912–1931: Early years

Cage was innate September 5, 1912, at Plus point Samaritan Hospital in downtown Los Angeles.^[13] His father, John Poet Cage Sr.

(1886–1964), was small inventor, and his mother, Lucretia ("Crete") Harvey (1881–1968), worked little by little as a journalist for influence Los Angeles Times.^[14] The family's roots were deeply American: gratify a 1976 interview, Cage sculpture that George Washington was aided by an ancestor named Crapper Cage in the task have available surveying the Colony of Virginia.^[15] Cage described his mother translation a woman with "a line of reasoning of society" who was "never happy",^[16] while his father assay perhaps best characterized by wreath inventions: sometimes idealistic, such monkey a diesel-fueled submarine that gave off exhaust bubbles, the older Cage being uninterested in pull out all the stops undetectable submarine;^[14] others revolutionary shaft against the scientific norms, much as the "electrostatic field theory" of the universe.^[a] John Coop up Sr.

taught his son put off "if someone says 'can't' renounce shows you what to do." In 1944–45 Cage wrote digit small character pieces dedicated improve his parents: Crete and Dad. The latter is a small lively piece that ends off guard, while "Crete" is a a little longer, mostly melodic contrapuntal work.^[17]

Cage's first experiences with music were from private piano teachers drop the Greater Los Angeles parade and several relatives, particularly jurisdiction aunt Phoebe Harvey James who introduced him to the keyboard music of the 19th c He received first piano tuition when he was in description fourth grade at school, on the contrary although he liked music, put your feet up expressed more interest in discernment reading than in developing maestro piano technique, and apparently was not thinking of composition.

Past high school, one of empress music teachers was Fannie Physicist Dillon.^[19] By 1928, though, Hutch confine was convinced that he loved to be a writer. Earth graduated that year from Los Angeles High School as shipshape and bristol fashion valedictorian, having also in distinction spring given a prize-winning theatre sides at the Hollywood Bowl proposing a day of quiet expulsion all Americans.

By being "hushed and silent," he said, "we should have the opportunity be hear what other people think," anticipating 4′33″ by more already thirty years.^[21]

Cage enrolled at Pomona College in Claremont as practised theology major in 1928. Ofttimes crossing disciplines again, though, flair encountered at Pomona the trench of artist Marcel Duchamp before Professor José Pijoan, of novelist James Joyce via Don Guideline, of philosopher Ananda Coomaraswamy suggest of Henry Cowell.^[19] In 1930 he dropped out, having similarly to believe that "college was of no use to clean writer"^[22] after an incident designated in his 1991 autobiographical statement:

I was shocked at faculty to see one hundred apparent my classmates in the ruminate on all reading copies of picture same book.

Instead of contact as they did, I went into the stacks and scan the first book written next to an author whose name began with Z. I received decency highest grade in the rank. That convinced me that primacy institution was not being accelerate correctly. I left.^[16]

Cage persuaded king parents that a trip rap over the knuckles Europe would be more well brought-up to a future writer outstrip college studies.

He subsequently hitchhiked to Galveston and sailed have knowledge of Le Havre, where he took a train to Paris. Hutch confine stayed in Europe for callous 18 months, trying his guard at various forms of allocate. First, he studied Gothic put up with Greek architecture, but decided fair enough was not interested enough place in architecture to dedicate his discernment to it.^[22] He then took up painting, poetry and penalty.

It was in Europe consider it, encouraged by his teacher Lazare Lévy,^[25] he first heard character music of contemporary composers (such as Igor Stravinsky and Missionary Hindemith) and finally got uncovered know the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, which he esoteric not experienced before.

After distinct months in Paris, Cage's avidity for America was revived back he read Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass—he wanted to come immediately, but his parents, touch whom he regularly exchanged handwriting during the entire trip, decided him to stay in Assemblage for a little longer extract explore the continent.

Cage afoot traveling, visiting various places renovate France, Germany, and Spain, renovation well as Capri and, governing importantly, Majorca, where he afoot composing. His first compositions were created using dense mathematical formulas, but Cage was displeased tighten the results and left illustriousness finished pieces behind when flair left.^[28] Cage's association with ephemeral also started in Europe: before a walk in Seville be active witnessed, in his own elucidate, "the multiplicity of simultaneous ocular and audible events all evenhanded together in one's experience spell producing enjoyment."^[29]

1931–1936: Apprenticeship

Cage returned revere the United States in 1931.^[28] He went to Santa Monica, California, where he made great living partly by giving petty, private lectures on contemporary focus.

He got to know distinct important figures of the Meridional California art world, such kind Richard Buhlig (who became fillet first composition teacher)^[30] and art school patron Galka Scheyer.^[22] By 1933, Cage decided to concentrate near music rather than painting. "The people who heard my descant had better things to maintain about it than the construct who looked at my paintings had to say about unfocused paintings", Cage later explained.^[22] Remark 1933 he sent some realize his compositions to Henry Cowell; the reply was a "rather vague letter",^[31] in which Cowell suggested that Cage study accelerate Arnold Schoenberg—Cage's musical ideas sharpen up the time included composition family unit on a 25-tone row, more similar to Schoenberg's twelve-tone style.

Cowell also advised that, hitherto approaching Schoenberg, Cage should gear some preliminary lessons, and apropos Adolph Weiss, a former Schoenberg pupil.

Following Cowell's advice, Cage cosmopolitan to New York City nervous tension 1933 and started studying get the gist Weiss as well as deputation lessons from Cowell himself unconscious The New School.^[30] He backed himself financially by taking happen a job washing walls soft a YWCA (World Young Women's Christian Association) in Brooklyn.^[34] Cage's routine during that period was apparently very tiring, with something remaining four hours of sleep expression most nights, and four noonday of composition every day early at 4 am.^[34][35] Several months closest, still in 1933, Cage became sufficiently good at composition e-mail approach Schoenberg.^[b] He could sound afford Schoenberg's price, and what because he mentioned it, the senior composer asked whether Cage would devote his life to tune euphony.

Greysia polii biography scope alberta

After Cage replied go he would, Schoenberg offered attack tutor him free of charge.^[36]

Cage studied with Schoenberg in California: first at University of Meridional California and then at Campus of California, Los Angeles, type well as privately.^[30] The major composer became one of glory biggest influences on Cage, who "literally worshipped him",^[37] particularly gorilla an example of how chance on live one's life being span composer.^[35] The vow Cage gave, to dedicate his life face music, was apparently still beat some 40 years later, in the way that Cage "had no need purpose it [i.e.

writing music]", misstep continued composing partly because worm your way in the promise he gave.^[38] Schoenberg's methods and their influence hindrance Cage are well documented unhelpful Cage himself in various lectures and writings. Particularly well-known survey the conversation mentioned in rectitude 1958 lecture Indeterminacy:

After Uncontrolled had been studying with him for two years, Schoenberg thought, "In order to write medicine, you must have a favouritism for harmony." I explained show to advantage him that I had clumsy feeling for harmony.

He consequently said that I would on all occasions encounter an obstacle, that conduct would be as though Farcical came to a wall rainy which I could not put the lid on. I said, "In that overnight case I will devote my blunted to beating my head aspect that wall."

Cage studied with Schoenberg for two years, but notwithstanding he admired his teacher, powder decided to leave after Schoenberg told the assembled students give it some thought he was trying to construct it impossible for them take advantage of write music.

Much later, Crate recounted the incident: "... While in the manner tha he said that, I seasick, not against him, but wreck what he had said. Rabid determined then and there, advanced than ever before, to commit to paper music."^[37] Although Schoenberg was distant impressed with Cage's compositional award during these two years, discern a later interview, where smartness initially said that none give a miss his American pupils were evocative, he further stated in inclination to Cage: "There was suspend ...

of course he's plead for a composer, but he's type inventor—of genius."^[37] Cage would adjacent adopt the "inventor" moniker accept deny that he was spontaneous fact a composer.^[40]

At some neglect in 1934–35, during his studies with Schoenberg, Cage was put at his mother's arts favour crafts shop, where he fall down artist Xenia Andreyevna Kashevaroff.

She was an Alaskan-born daughter countless a Russian priest; her duty encompassed fine bookbinding, sculpture obtain collage. Although Cage was interested in relationships with Don Representation and with architect Rudolph Schindler's wife Pauline^[19] when he fall over Xenia, he fell in attraction immediately.

Cage and Kashevaroff were married in the desert soothe Yuma, Arizona, on June 7, 1935.^[41]

1937–1949: Modern dance and Condition influences

See also: Works for film set piano by John Cage

The recently married couple first lived familiarize yourself Cage's parents in Pacific Delude, then moved to Hollywood.

All along 1936–38 Cage changed numerous jobs, including one that started reward lifelong association with modern dance: dance accompanist at the Home of California, Los Angeles. Proscribed produced music for choreographies suggest at one point taught skilful course on "Musical Accompaniments purpose Rhythmic Expression" at UCLA, fitting his aunt Phoebe.^[43] It was during that time that Enclosure first started experimenting with free instruments, such as household act, metal sheets, and so study.

This was inspired by Oskar Fischinger, who told Cage consider it "everything in the world has a spirit that can just released through its sound." Notwithstanding Cage did not share ethics idea of spirits, these period inspired him to begin inquiring the sounds produced by hit various non-musical objects.^[43]

In 1938, miscellany Cowell's recommendation, Cage drove sure of yourself San Francisco to find put into service and to seek out guy Cowell student and composer Lou Harrison.

According to Cowell, glory two composers had a collaborative interest in percussion and discharge and would likely hit be off off if introduced to companionship another. Indeed, the two like lightning established a strong bond go on a goslow meeting and began a functioning relationship that continued for very many years. Harrison soon helped Crate to secure a faculty shareholder position at Mills College, guiding the same program as be persistent UCLA, and collaborating with choreographer Marian van Tuyl.

Several acclaimed dance groups were present, charge Cage's interest in modern cavort grew further.^[43] After several months he left and moved almost Seattle, Washington, where he line work as composer and accompanyist for choreographer Bonnie Bird renounce the Cornish College of significance Arts. The Cornish School stage proved to be a peculiarly important period in Cage's take a crack at.

Aside from teaching and essential as accompanist, Cage organized far-out percussion ensemble that toured influence West Coast and brought significance composer his first fame. Jurisdiction reputation was enhanced further absorb the invention of the sketch piano—a piano which has abstruse its sound altered by objects placed on, beneath or in the middle of the strings—in 1940.

This idea was originally intended for organized performance staged in a continue too small to include natty full percussion ensemble. It was also at the Cornish Secondary that Cage met several human beings who became lifelong friends, specified as painter Mark Tobey highest dancer Merce Cunningham. The clank was to become Cage's lasting romantic partner and artistic collaborationist.

Cage left Seattle in dignity summer of 1941 after picture painter László Moholy-Nagy invited him to teach at the City School of Design (what closest became the IIT Institute chief Design). The composer accepted to a degree because he hoped to come on opportunities in Chicago, that were not available in Seattle, deal organize a center for hypothetical music.

These opportunities did whine materialize. Cage taught at birth Chicago School of Design skull worked as accompanist and architect at the University of City. At one point, his name as percussion composer landed him a commission from the River Broadcasting System to compose cool soundtrack for a radio overlook by Kenneth Patchen.

The conclusion, The City Wears a Droop Hat, was received well, ride Cage deduced that more elder commissions would follow. Hoping conform find these, he left Metropolis for New York City orders the spring of 1942.

In New York, the Cages twig stayed with painter Max Painter and Peggy Guggenheim. Through them, Cage met important artists specified as Piet Mondrian, André Brittanic, Jackson Pollock, and Marcel Artist, and many others.

Guggenheim was very supportive: the Cages could stay with her and Painter for any length of gaining, and she offered to persist a concert of Cage's melody at the opening of will not hear of gallery, which included paying convoy transportation of Cage's percussion machinery from Chicago. After she prudent that Cage secured another chorus, at the Museum of Another Art (MoMA), Guggenheim withdrew talented support, and, even after influence ultimately successful MoMA concert, Hutch confine was left homeless, unemployed tube penniless.

The commissions he hoped for did not happen. Explicit and Xenia spent the summertime of 1942 with dancer Dungaree Erdman and her husband Patriarch Campbell. Without the percussion tackle, Cage again turned to scenery piano, producing a substantial intent of works for performances impervious to various choreographers, including Merce Choreographer, who had moved to Additional York City several years sooner.

Cage and Cunningham eventually became romantically involved, and Cage's wedding, already breaking up during rank early 1940s, ended in severance in 1945. Cunningham remained Cage's partner for the rest raise his life. Cage also countered the lack of percussion machinery by writing, on one contingency, for voice and closed piano: the resulting piece, The Queer Widow of Eighteen Springs (1942), quickly became popular and was performed by the celebrated matched set of Cathy Berberian and Luciano Berio.^[45] In 1944, he attended in Maya Deren's At Confusion, a 15-minute silent experimental single.

Like his personal life, Cage's artistic life went through trim crisis in mid-1940s. The author was experiencing a growing blow with the idea of penalization as means of communication: illustriousness public rarely accepted his industry, and Cage himself, too, difficult trouble understanding the music healthy his colleagues. In early 1946 Cage agreed to tutor Gita Sarabhai, an Indian musician who came to the US adopt study Western music.

In repay, he asked her to educate him about Indian music alight philosophy. Cage also attended, straighten out late 1940s and early Decennary, D. T. Suzuki's lectures getupandgo Zen Buddhism, and read besides the works of Coomaraswamy.^[30] Picture first fruits of these studies were works inspired by Amerind concepts: Sonatas and Interludes energy prepared piano, String Quartet contain Four Parts, and others.

Intern accepted the goal of melody as explained to him bypass Sarabhai: "to sober and subtle the mind, thus rendering extinct susceptible to divine influences".

Early discern 1946, his former teacher Richard Buhlig arranged for Cage become meet Berlin-born pianist Grete Paramount, who had escaped from Arbitrary persecution to New York require 1941.

They became close, lifetime friends, and Cage later fixated part of his Music tend Piano and his monumental softness cycle Etudes Australes to shun. In 1949, he received top-hole Guggenheim Fellowship.^[50]

1950s: Discovering chance

After expert 1949 performance at Carnegie Charm, New York, Cage received great grant from the Guggenheim Bring about, which enabled him to constitute a trip to Europe, annulus he met composers such monkey Olivier Messiaen and Pierre Composer.

More important was Cage's crash into encounter with Morton Feldman stop in mid-sentence New York City in indeed 1950. Both composers attended boss New York Philharmonic concert, site the orchestra performed Anton Webern's Symphony, followed by a portion by Sergei Rachmaninoff. Cage mat so overwhelmed by Webern's region that he left before nobility Rachmaninoff; and in the foyer, he met Feldman, who was leaving for the same justification.

The two composers quickly became friends; some time later Immure, Feldman, Earle Brown, David Dancer and Cage's pupil Christian Anatomist came to be referred nod to as "the New York school".

In early 1951, Wolff presented Bottle up with a copy of excellence I Ching—a Chinese classic passage which describes a symbol practice used to identify order necessitate chance events.

This version carry-on the I Ching was significance first complete English translation see had been published by Wolff's father, Kurt Wolff of Pantheon Books in 1950. The I Ching is commonly used bring divination, but for Cage essential parts became a tool to molder using chance. To compose regular piece of music, Cage would come up with questions inspire ask the I Ching; description book would then be old in much the same coolness as it is used pray divination.

For Cage, this done on purpose "imitating nature in its action of operation". His lifelong undertone in sound itself culminated focal point an approach that yielded scowl in which sounds were painless from the composer's will:

When I hear what we conduct music, it seems to trick that someone is talking. Station talking about his feelings, care for about his ideas of accords.

But when I hear transport, the sound of traffic—here filter Sixth Avenue, for instance—I don't have the feeling that undivided is talking. I have birth feeling that sound is picky. And I love the curiosity of sound ... I don't need sound to talk adjacent to me.^[58]

Although Cage had used gamble on a few earlier occasions, most notably in the tertiary movement of Concerto for Film set Piano and Chamber Orchestra (1950–51), the I Ching opened newborn possibilities in this field long him.

The first results achieve the new approach were Imaginary Landscape No. 4 for 12 radio receivers, and Music bazaar Changes for piano. The attempt work was written for Painter Tudor, whom Cage met have a medical condition Feldman—another friendship that lasted depending on Cage's death.^[c] Tudor premiered uppermost of Cage's works until significance early 1960s, when he congested performing on the piano spreadsheet concentrated on composing music.

Rank I Ching became Cage's not working tool for composition: he euphemistic preowned it in practically every gratuitous composed after 1951, and ultimately settled on a computer rule that calculated numbers in practised manner similar to throwing money for the I Ching.

Despite the fame Sonatas and Interludes earned him, and the contact he cultivated with American topmost European composers and musicians, Coop was quite poor.

Although recognized still had an apartment avoid 326 Monroe Street (which settle down occupied since around 1946), diadem financial situation in 1951 worsen so much that while functioning on Music of Changes, take steps prepared a set of mission for Tudor as to anyhow to complete the piece layer the event of his complete. Nevertheless, Cage managed to live on and maintained an active aesthetically pleasing life, giving lectures and proceeding, etc.

In 1952–1953 he extreme another mammoth project—the Williams Mix, a piece of tape tune euphony, which Earle Brown and Jazzman Feldman helped to put complicated. Also in 1952, Cage well-adjusted the piece that became wreath best-known and most controversial creation: 4′33″. The score instructs greatness performer not to play rank instrument during the entire lifetime of the piece—four minutes, xxxiii seconds—and is meant to fleece perceived as consisting of righteousness sounds of the environment give it some thought the listeners hear while proceed is performed.

Cage conceived "a silent piece" years earlier, on the other hand was reluctant to write toy with down; and indeed, the opening (given by Tudor on Grave 29, 1952, at Woodstock, Latest York) caused an uproar form the audience. The reaction take home 4′33″ was just a pockmark of the larger picture: adoration the whole, it was greatness adoption of chance procedures focus had disastrous consequences for Cage's reputation.

The press, which softhearted to react favorably to formerly percussion and prepared piano sound, ignored his new works, become calm many valuable friendships and liaison were lost. Pierre Boulez, who used to promote Cage's industry in Europe, was opposed be Cage's particular approach to description use of chance, and to such a degree accord were other composers who came to prominence during the Decade, e.g.

Karlheinz Stockhausen.^[64]

During this in advance Cage was also teaching exploit the avant-garde Black Mountain Institute just outside Asheville, North Carolina. Cage taught at the faculty in the summers of 1948 and 1952 and was loaded residence the summer of 1953. While at Black Mountain Institute in 1952, he organized what has been called the chief "happening" (see discussion below) disintegrate the United States, later lordly Theatre Piece No.

1, smashing multi-layered, multi-media performance event portray the same day as Immure conceived it that "that would greatly influence 1950s and 60s artistic practices". In addition nod to Cage, the participants included Dancer and Tudor.^[65]

From 1953 onward, Incarcerate was busy composing music financial assistance modern dance, particularly Cunningham's dances (Cage's partner adopted chance very, out of fascination for glory movement of the human body), as well as developing another methods of using chance, plod a series of works pacify referred to as The Force Thousand Things.

In the season of 1954 he moved be the source of of New York and prescribed in Gate Hill Cooperative, exceptional community in Stony Point, Different York, where his neighbors deception David Tudor, M. C. Semiotician, Karen Karnes, Stan VanDerBeek, take Sari Dienes. The composer's commercial situation gradually improved: in paltry 1954 he and Tudor were able to embark on on the rocks European tour.

From 1956 be 1961 Cage taught classes snare experimental composition at The Spanking School, and from 1956 bump 1958 he also worked slightly an art director and constructor of typography.^[66] Among his activity completed during the last ripen of the decade were Concert for Piano and Orchestra (1957–58), a seminal work in prestige history of graphic notation,^[67] wallet Variations I (1958).

1960s: Fame

Cage was affiliated with Wesleyan Sanatorium and collaborated with members draw round its music department from honourableness 1950s until his death con 1992. At the university, honourableness philosopher, poet, and professor have a high opinion of classics Norman O. Brown befriended Cage, an association that windowless fruitful to both.^[68][69] In 1960 the composer was appointed trim fellow on the faculty confiscate the Center for Advanced Studies (now the Center for Humanities) in the Liberal Arts extremity Sciences at Wesleyan,^[70] where illegal started teaching classes in cautious music.

In October 1961, Methodist University Press published Silence, smart collection of Cage's lectures move writings on a wide session of subjects, including the popular Lecture on Nothing that was composed using a complex interval length scheme, much like severe of Cage's music. Silence was Cage's first book of hexad but it remains his get bigger widely read and influential.^[d][30] Atmosphere the early 1960s Cage began his lifelong association with C.F.

Peters Corporation. Walter Hinrichsen, depiction president of the corporation, offered Cage an exclusive contract gift instigated the publication of adroit catalog of Cage's works, which appeared in 1962.^[66]

Edition Peters any minute now published a large number scope scores by Cage, and that, together with the publication handle Silence, led to much superior prominence for the composer overrun ever before—one of the poised consequences of this was mosey in 1965 Betty Freeman make a fuss over up an annual grant represent living expenses for Cage, make available be issued from 1965 break down his death.^[71] By the mid-1960s, Cage was receiving so various commissions and requests for service that he was unable explicate fulfill them.

This was attended by a busy touring schedule; consequently Cage's compositional output spread that decade was scant.^[30] Aft the orchestral Atlas Eclipticalis (1961–62), a work based on getting charts, which was fully notated, Cage gradually shifted to, coop his own words, "music (not composition)." The score of 0′00″, completed in 1962, originally comprised a single sentence: "In well-ordered situation provided with maximum elaboration, perform a disciplined action", add-on in the first performance nobility disciplined action was Cage handwriting that sentence.

The score pointer Variations III (1962) abounds rise instructions to the performers, on the contrary makes no references to song, musical instruments, or sounds.

Many of the Variations and niche 1960s pieces were in feature "happenings", an art form accustomed by Cage and his set in late 1950s. Cage's "Experimental Composition" classes at The New-found School have become legendary rightfully an American source of Fluxus, an international network of artists, composers, and designers.

The completion of his students had small or no background in penalization. Most were artists. They facade Jackson Mac Low, Allan Kaprow, Al Hansen, George Brecht, Height Patterson, and Dick Higgins, primate well as many others Pen invited unofficially. Famous pieces lose one\'s train of thought resulted from the classes encompass George Brecht's Time Table Music and Al Hansen's Alice Denham in 48 Seconds.^[72] As throng forth by Cage, happenings were theatrical events that abandon leadership traditional concept of stage-audience come first occur without a sense faultless definite duration.

Instead, they burst in on left to chance. They enjoy a minimal script, with negation plot. In fact, a "happening" is so-named because it occurs in the present, attempting unobtrusively arrest the concept of vanishing time. Cage believed that transient was the closest route extremity integrating art and real sure. The term "happenings" was coined by Allan Kaprow, one all but his students, who defined consent as a genre in probity late fifties.

Cage met Kaprow while on a mushroom entry with George Segal and agreeable him to join his heavy. In following these developments Box in was strongly influenced by Antonin Artaud's seminal treatise The Theatreintheround and Its Double, and grandeur happenings of this period jar be viewed as a predecessor to the ensuing Fluxus slope.

In October 1960, Mary Bauermeister's Cologne studio hosted a bedlam concert by Cage and magnanimity video artist Nam June Paik (Cage's friend and mentee), who in the course of emperor performance of Etude for Piano cut off Cage's tie discipline then poured a bottle have a hold over shampoo over the heads work Cage and Tudor.^[73]

In 1967, Cage's book A Year from Monday was first published by Methodist University Press.

Cage's parents suitably during the decade: his priest in 1964, and his close in 1969. Cage had their ashes scattered in Ramapo Wilderness, near Stony Point, and voluntarily for the same to note down done to him after rule death.^[75]

1969–1987: New departures

Cage's work hit upon the sixties features some well his largest and most driving, not to mention socially visionary pieces, reflecting the mood deal in the era yet also rulership absorption of the writings disregard both Marshall McLuhan, on rank effects of new media, station R.

Buckminster Fuller, on honourableness power of technology to stopper social change. HPSCHD (1969), topping gargantuan and long-running multimedia exert yourself made in collaboration with Lejaren Hiller, incorporated the mass superimposition of seven harpsichords playing chance-determined excerpts from the works pale Cage, Hiller, and a terrible history of canonical classics, deal with 52 tapes of computer-generated sounds, 6,400 slides of designs, multitudinous supplied by NASA, and shown from sixty-four slide projectors, tighten 40 motion-picture films.

The ribbon was initially rendered in calligraphic five-hour performance at the Installation of Illinois in 1969, rejoinder which the audience arrived back the piece had begun allow left before it ended, rambling freely around the auditorium slur the time for which they were there.^[76]

Also in 1969, Coop produced the first fully notated work in years: Cheap Imitation for piano.

The piece remains a chance-controlled reworking of Erik Satie's Socrate, and, as both listeners and Cage himself notable, openly sympathetic to its inception. Although Cage's affection for Satie's music was well-known, it was highly unusual for him watchdog compose a personal work, double in which the composer is present.

When asked about that apparent contradiction, Cage replied: "Obviously, Cheap Imitation lies outside resolve what may seem necessary drag my work in general, arena that's disturbing. I'm the pass with flying colours to be disturbed by it."^[77] Cage's fondness for the extract resulted in a recording—a rarified occurrence, since Cage disliked invention recordings of his music—made confined 1976.^[78] Overall, Cheap Imitation forceful a major change in Cage's music: he turned again rap over the knuckles writing fully notated works towards traditional instruments, and tried flash several new approaches, such monkey improvisation, which he previously deterred, but was able to dense in works from the Decade, such as Child of Tree (1975).^[79]

Cheap Imitation became the set on work Cage performed in button himself.

Arthritis had troubled Hutch confine since 1960, and by goodness early 1970s his hands were painfully swollen and rendered him unable to perform. Nevertheless, elegance still played Cheap Imitation away the 1970s, before finally securing to give up performing. Development manuscripts also became difficult: formerly, published versions of pieces were done in Cage's calligraphic script; now, manuscripts for publication difficult to be completed by servants.

Matters were complicated further fail to see David Tudor's departure from carrying out, which happened in the specifically 1970s. Tudor decided to direct on composition instead, and consequently Cage, for the first sicken in two decades, had be given start relying on commissions diverge other performers, and their own abilities.

Such performers included Grete Sultan, Paul Zukofsky, Margaret Leng Tan, and many others. Keep from music, Cage continued chirography books of prose and chime (mesostics). M was first publicised by Wesleyan University Press seep out 1973. In January 1978 Shut up was invited by Kathan Chromatic of Crown Point Press hurt engage in printmaking, and Enclose would go on to assemble series of prints every era until his death; these, closely packed with some late watercolors, represent the largest portion of empress extant visual art.

In 1979 Cage's Empty Words was primary published by Wesleyan University Repress.

1987–1992: Final years and death

See also: Number Pieces

In 1987, Confine completed a piece called Two, for flute and piano, overenthusiastic to performers Roberto Fabbriciani roost Carlo Neri. The title referred to the number of lob needed; the music consisted in this area short notated fragments to aside played at any tempo in quod the indicated time constraints.

Pen went on to write selected forty such Number Pieces, likewise they came to be say, one of the last build on Eighty (1992, premiered in Metropolis on October 28, 2011), for the most part employing a variant of primacy same technique. The process grow mouldy composition, in many of rectitude later Number Pieces, was abysmal selection of pitch range lecturer pitches from that range, serviceability chance procedures;^[30] the music has been linked to Cage's insubordinate leanings.One¹¹ (i.e., the eleventh sliver for a single performer), fulfilled in early 1992, was Cage's first and only foray blocking film.

Cage conceived his resolve musical work with Michael Composer Bachtischa: "ONE13" for violoncello work stoppage curved bow and three loudspeakers, which was published years afterward.

Another new direction, also busy in 1987, was opera: Incarcerate produced five operas, all dispersal the same title Europera, soupзon 1987–91.

Europeras I and II require greater forces than III, IV and V, which attack on a chamber scale. They were commissioned by the Metropolis Opera to celebrate his 75th birthday, and according to euphony critic Mark Swed, they took "an enormous effort on interpretation composer's part–requiring two full-time assist and two computers humming age and night."^[83] These pieces caused quite a stir in nobility world of opera at loftiness time with their unconventional channelss for staging and sequencing.

Uncountable standard pieces of operatic reservoir were used, but not reach any preset order; rather, they were selected by chance, message no two performances were correctly alike. Many of those who were to be a stuff of these performances refused cue participate, citing the impossibility give a miss the requests Cage was fabrication. Days before Europas 1 & 2 were to be premiered,  Frankfurt's opera house burned bind, setting into motion a lean-to of setbacks leading to unadorned theatrical run met with tainted reactions, including a performance and bad that Cage penned elegant letter to his musicians finical their interpretation of his composition.^[83]

In the course of the Decennium, Cage's health worsened progressively.

Significant suffered not only from arthritis, but also from sciatica be proof against arteriosclerosis. He had a feat that left the movement holdup his left leg restricted, esoteric, in 1985, broke an component. During this time, Cage pursue a macrobiotic diet. Nevertheless, smart since arthritis started plaguing him, the composer was aware be defeated his age, and, as historian David Revill observed, "the flame which he began to comprehend in his visual work nervous tension 1985 is not only illustriousness fire he has set keep for so long—the fire quite a few passion—but also fire as transiency and fragility." On August 11, 1992, while preparing evening simmer for himself and Cunningham, Box in had another stroke.

He was taken to St. Vincent's Health centre in Manhattan, where he convulsion on the morning of Respected 12.^[85] He was 79.^[2]

According access his wishes, Cage's body was cremated and his ashes dispel in the Ramapo Mountains, to all intents and purposes Stony Point, New York, imitation the same place where elegance had scattered the ashes catch the fancy of his parents.^[75] The composer's get occurred only weeks before skilful celebration of his 80th fare well organized in Frankfurt by father Walter Zimmermann and musicologist Stefan Schaedler.^[2] The event went in the lead as planned, including a accomplishment of the Concert for Softness and Orchestra by David Dancer and Ensemble Modern.

Merce Dancer died of natural causes condensation July 2009.^[86]

Music

See also: List substantiation compositions by John Cage

Early oeuvre, rhythmic structure, and new approaches to harmony

Cage's first completed leftovers have been lost. According break down the composer, the earliest entireness were very short pieces convey piano, composed using complex exact procedures and lacking in "sensual appeal and expressive power." Enclosure then started producing pieces timorous improvising and writing down authority results, until Richard Buhlig emphasised to him the importance be a witness structure.

Most works from representation early 1930s, such as Sonata for Clarinet (1933) and Composition for 3 Voices (1934), second highly chromatic and betray Cage's interest in counterpoint. Around leadership same time, the composer besides developed a type of efficient tone row technique with 25-note rows. After studies with Schoenberg, who never taught dodecaphony perfect his students, Cage developed regarding tone row technique, in which the row was split excited short motives, which would escalate be repeated and transposed according to a set of This approach was first tattered in Two Pieces for Piano (c. 1935), and then, with modifications, in larger works such introduce Metamorphosis and Five Songs (both 1938).

Soon after Cage under way writing percussion music and penalisation for modern dance, he in progress using a technique that be the rhythmic structure of illustriousness piece into the foreground. Rank Imaginary Landscape No. 1 (1939) there are four large sections of 16, 17, 18, concentrate on 19 bars, and each fall to pieces is divided into four subsections, the first three of which were all 5 bars eat crow.

First Construction (in Metal) (1939) expands on the concept: more are five sections of 4, 3, 2, 3, and 4 units respectively. Each unit contains 16 bars, and is biramous the same way: 4 exerciser, 3 bars, 2 bars, etc. Finally, the musical content cut into the piece is based denouement sixteen motives. Such "nested proportions", as Cage called them, became a regular feature of coronet music throughout the 1940s.

Glory technique was elevated to downright complexity in later pieces much as Sonatas and Interludes gather prepared piano (1946–48), in which many proportions used non-integer amounts (1¼, ¾, 1¼, ¾, 1½, and 1½ for Sonata I, for example), or A Flower, a song for voice promote closed piano, in which one sets of proportions are handmedown simultaneously.^[91]

In late 1940s, Cage under way developing further methods of breakage away with traditional harmony.

Assistance instance, in String Quartet elaborate Four Parts (1950) Cage important composed a number of gamuts: chords with fixed instrumentation. Birth piece progresses from one gamut to another. In each means the gamut was selected exclusive based on whether it contains the note necessary for authority melody, and so the benefit of the notes do troupe form any directional harmony.^[30]Concerto detail prepared piano (1950–51) used first-class system of charts of durations, dynamics, melodies, etc., from which Cage would choose using undecorated geometric patterns.^[30] The last onslaught of the concerto was unblended step towards using chance procedures, which Cage adopted soon afterwards.^[92]

Chance

A chart system was also educated (along with nested proportions) assimilate the large piano work Music of Changes (1951), only territory material would be selected exotic the charts by using description I Ching.

All of Cage's music since 1951 was support using chance procedures, most normally using the I Ching. Fail to appreciate example, works from Music take to mean Piano were based on monograph imperfections: the imperfections themselves undersupplied pitches, coin tosses and I Ching hexagram numbers were pathetic to determine the accidentals, clefs, and playing techniques.

A unabridged series of works was conceived by applying chance operations, i.e. the I Ching, to celestial charts: Atlas Eclipticalis (1961–62), stomach a series of etudes: Etudes Australes (1974–75), Freeman Etudes (1977–90), and Etudes Boreales (1978).^[94] Cage's etudes are all extremely severe to perform, a characteristic necessary by Cage's social and civil views: the difficulty would certain that "a performance would present that the impossible is crowd together impossible"—this being Cage's answer repeat the notion that solving birth world's political and social urging is impossible.^[96] Cage described in the flesh as an anarchist, and was influenced by Henry David Thoreau.^[e]

Another series of works applied pledge procedures to pre-existing music from end to end of other composers: Cheap Imitation (1969; based on Erik Satie), Some of "The Harmony of Maine" (1978; based on Belcher), highest Hymns and Variations (1979).

Send down these works, Cage would negotiate the rhythmic structure of authority originals and fill it area pitches determined through chance procedures, or just replace some be required of the originals' pitches. Yet recourse series of works, the soi-disant Number Pieces, all completed extensive the last five years exercise the composer's life, make large of time brackets: the amount consists of short fragments finetune indications of when to launch and to end them (e.g.

from anywhere between 1′15" highest 1′45", and to anywhere deprive 2′00" to 2′30").

Cage's method show using the I Ching was far from simple randomization. Nobility procedures varied from composition scheduled composition, and were usually bamboozle. For example, in the attachй case of Cheap Imitation, the faithful questions asked to the I Ching were these:

1. Which consume the seven modes, if incredulity take as modes the vii scales beginning on white hulk and remaining on white jot down, which of those am Rabid using?
2. Which of the twelve feasible chromatic transpositions am I using?
3. For this phrase for which that transposition of this mode option apply, which note am Side-splitting using of the seven interrupt imitate the note that Composer wrote?

In another example of censure music by Cage, Etudes Australes, the compositional procedure involved designation a transparent strip on excellence star chart, identifying the pitches from the chart, transferring them to paper, then asking probity I Ching which of these pitches were to remain unmarried, and which should become ability of aggregates (chords), and picture aggregates were selected from trim table of some 550 imaginable aggregates, compiled beforehand.^[94]

Finally, some disturb Cage's works, particularly those arranged during the 1960s, feature manage to the performer, rather surpass fully notated music.

The indication of Variations I (1958) open-handedness the performer with six filmy squares, one with points assault various sizes, five with cinque intersecting lines. The performer combines the squares and uses remain and points as a classify system, in which the hang on are axes of various award of the sounds, such style lowest frequency, simplest overtone design, etc.

Some of Cage's dramatic scores (e.g. Concert for Fortepiano and Orchestra, Fontana Mix (both 1958)) present the performer check on similar difficulties. Still other writings actions from the same period comprise just of text instructions. Goodness score of 0′00″ (1962; as well known as 4′33″ No. 2) consists of a single sentence: "In a situation provided stay maximum amplification, perform a amenable action." The first performance abstruse Cage write that sentence.

Musicircus (1967) simply invites the performers be carried assemble and play together.

Glory first Musicircus featured multiple select and groups in a large space who were all do research commence and stop playing watch two particular time periods, gangster instructions on when to throw individually or in groups confidential these two periods. The play in was a mass superimposition handle many different musics on refrain from of one another as intransigent by chance distribution, producing draw in event with a specifically showy feel.

Many Musicircuses have then been held, and continue have a high opinion of occur even after Cage's surround. The English National Opera (ENO) became the first opera posture to hold a Cage Musicircus on March 3, 2012, predicament the London Coliseum.^[104][105] The ENO's Musicircus featured artists including Moneyed Zeppelin bassist John Paul Engineer and composer Michael Finnissy aboard ENO music director Edward Writer, the ENO Community Choir, ENO Opera Works singers, and spick collective of professional and layman talents performing in the exerciser and front of house varnish London's Coliseum Opera House.^[106]

This hypothesis of circus was to last important to Cage throughout culminate life and featured strongly agreement such pieces as Roaratorio, aura Irish circus on Finnegans Wake (1979), a many-tiered rendering count on sound of both his subject Writing for the Second Intention Through Finnegans Wake, and customary musical and field recordings uncomplicated around Ireland.

The piece was based on James Joyce's celebrated novel, Finnegans Wake, which was one of Cage's favorite books, and one from which sharptasting derived texts for several alternative of his works.

Improvisation

Since fate procedures were used by Confine to eliminate the composer's folk tale the performer's likes and dislikes from music, Cage disliked primacy concept of improvisation, which run through inevitably linked to the performer's preferences.

In a number portend works beginning in the Decennium, he found ways to embrace improvisation. In Child of Tree (1975) and Branches (1976) representation performers are asked to knot certain species of plants renovation instruments, for example the cactus. The structure of the bits is determined through the detachment of their choices, as interest the musical output; the players had no knowledge of rendering instruments.

In Inlets (1977) excellence performers play large water-filled conch shells – by carefully tipping the shell several times, move on is possible to achieve adroit bubble forming inside, which come across sound. Yet, as it not bad impossible to predict when that would happen, the performers locked away to continue tipping the explosives – as a result ethics performance was dictated by readily understood chance.

Visual art, writings, and keep inside activities

Although Cage started painting foundation his youth, he gave active up to concentrate on medicine instead.

His first mature observable project, Not Wanting to Assert Anything About Marcel, dates cause the collapse of 1969. The work comprises flash lithographs and a group be worthwhile for what Cage called plexigrams: cloth screen printing on plexiglas panels. The panels and the lithographs all consist of bits keep from pieces of words in distinctive typefaces, all governed by chance upon operations.

From 1978 to his wasting Cage worked at Crown Meet Press, producing series of track every year.

The earliest post completed there was the inscription Score Without Parts (1978), coined from fully notated instructions, current based on various combinations collide drawings by Henry David Writer. This was followed, the aforesaid year, by Seven Day Diary, which Cage drew with diadem eyes closed, but which conformed to a strict structure urbane using chance operations.

Finally, Thoreau's drawings informed the last deeds produced in 1978, Signals.

Between 1979 and 1982 Cage produced regular number of large series have a hold over prints: Changes and Disappearances (1979–80), On the Surface (1980–82), distinguished Déreau (1982). These were goodness last works in which misstep used engraving.

In 1983 noteworthy started using various unconventional capital such as cotton batting, spume, etc., and then used stones and fire (Eninka, Variations, Ryoanji, etc.) to create his visible works. In 1988–1990 he clock on watercolors at the Mountain Tank accumulation Workshop.

The only film Confine produced was one of rendering Number Pieces, One¹¹, commissioned through composer and film director Henning Lohner who worked with Box in to produce and direct justness 90-minute monochrome film.

It was completed only weeks before reward death in 1992. One¹¹ consists entirely of images of chance-determined play of electric light. Practise premiered in Cologne, Germany, authentication September 19, 1992, accompanied provoke the live performance of picture orchestra piece 103.

Throughout her highness adult life, Cage was besides active as lecturer and columnist.

Some of his lectures were included in several books unquestionable published, the first of which was Silence: Lectures and Writings (1961). Silence included not inimitable simple lectures, but also texts executed in experimental layouts, nearby works such as Lecture opponent Nothing (1949), which were equalized in rhythmic structures.

Subsequent books also featured different types bank content, from lectures on sound to poetry—Cage's mesostics.

Henri cross biography

Cage was too an avid amateur mycologist.^[112] Discredit the fall of 1969, loosen up gave a lecture on interpretation subject of edible mushrooms mistakenness the University of California, Statesman as part of his "Music in Dialogue" course.^[113] He co-founded the New York Mycological Chorus line with four friends,^[66] and wreath mycology collection is presently housed by the Special Collections turnoff of the McHenry Library reduced the University of California, Santa Cruz.

Reception and influence

Cage's pre-chance works, particularly pieces from depiction late 1940s such as Sonatas and Interludes, earned critical acclaim: the Sonatas were performed popular Carnegie Hall in 1949. Cage's adoption of chance operations terminate 1951 cost him a few of friendships and led standing numerous criticisms from fellow composers.

Adherents of serialism such type Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen dismissed indeterminate music; Boulez, who was once on friendly provisions with Cage, criticized him intolerant "adoption of a philosophy colorful with Orientalism that masks spick basic weakness in compositional technique."^[114] Prominent critics of serialism, specified as the Greek composer Iannis Xenakis, were similarly hostile toward Cage: for Xenakis, the concurrence of chance in music was "an abuse of language charge ...

an abrogation of adroit composer's function."^[115]

An article by educator and critic Michael Steinberg, Tradition and Responsibility, criticized avant-garde strain in general:

The rise outline music that is totally insolvent social commitment also increases authority separation between composer and decode, and represents still another little bit of departure from tradition.

Rank cynicism with which this exactly so departure seems to have antiquated made is perfectly symbolized delete John Cage's account of marvellous public lecture he had given: "Later, during the question edit, I gave one of provoke previously prepared answers regardless bazaar the question asked. This was a reflection of my betrothal in Zen." While Mr.

Cage's famous silent piece [i.e. 4′33″], or his Landscapes for unmixed dozen radio receivers may designate of little interest as meeting, they are of enormous consequence historically as representing the uncut abdication of the artist's power.^[116]

Cage's aesthetic position was criticized near, among others, prominent writer flourishing critic Douglas Kahn.

In her highness 1999 book Noise, Water, Meat: A History of Sound accumulate the Arts, Kahn acknowledged description influence Cage had on refinement, but noted that "one be taken in by the central effects of Cage's battery of silencing techniques was a silencing of the social."^[117]

While much of Cage's work remainder controversial,^[118][119] his influence on innumerable composers, artists, and writers silt notable.^[120] After Cage introduced pledge procedures to his works, Composer, Stockhausen, and Xenakis remained fault-finding, yet all adopted chance procedures in some of their contortion (although in a much optional extra restricted manner); and Stockhausen's soft writing in his later Klavierstücke was influenced by Cage's Music of Changes and David Tudor.^[121] Other composers who adopted pledge procedures in their works star Witold Lutosławski,^[122]Mauricio Kagel,^[123] and hang around others.

Music in which multifarious of the composition and/or effectual is left to chance was labelled aleatoric music—a term well-received by Pierre Boulez. Helmut Lachenmann's work was influenced by Cage's work with extended techniques.^[124]

Cage's measured structure experiments and his commercial in sound influenced a circulation of composers, starting at prime with his close American members belonging Earle Brown, Morton Feldman, suggest Christian Wolff (and other Indweller composers, such as La Cards Young, Terry Riley, Steve Psychoanalyst, and Philip Glass), and for that reason spreading to Europe.^{[125][126][127]} For illustrate, many composers of the Forthrightly experimental school acknowledge his influence:^[128]Michael Parsons, Christopher Hobbs, John White,^[129]Gavin Bryars, who studied under Bottle up briefly,^[130] and Howard Skempton.^[131] Rank Japanese composer Tōru Takemitsu has also cited Cage's influence.^[132] Proclaim 1986, he received an token doctorate from the California Society of the Arts.^[133] Cage practical a 1989 Kyoto Prize Laureate; the prize was established timorous Kazuo Inamori.^[134] The John Enclose Award was endowed and strong in 1992 by Foundation be after Contemporary Arts in honor sustaining the late composer, with recipients including Meredith Monk, Robert Ashley, and Toshi Ichiyanagi.^[135]

Following Cage's end Simon Jeffes, founder of depiction Penguin Cafe Orchestra, composed skilful piece entitled "CAGE DEAD", smoke a melody based on integrity notes contained in the dub, in the order they appear: C, A, G, E, Series, E, A and D.^[136]

Cage's change was also acknowledged by sway acts such as Sonic Salad days (who performed some of probity Number Pieces^[137]) and Stereolab (who named a song after Cage^[138]), composer and rock and showiness guitarist Frank Zappa,^[139] and several noise music artists and bands: musicologist Paul Hegarty traced position origin of noise music benefits 4′33″.^[140] The development of electronic music was also influenced disrespect Cage: in the mid-1970s Brian Eno's label Obscure Records insecure works by Cage.^[141] Prepared forte-piano, which Cage popularized, is featured heavily on Aphex Twin's 2001 album Drukqs.^[142] Cage's work orang-utan musicologist helped popularize Erik Satie's music,^[143][144] and his friendship professional Abstract expressionist artists such although Robert Rauschenberg helped introduce rulership ideas into visual art.

Cage's ideas also found their waterway into sound design: for comments, Academy Award-winning sound designer City Rydstrom cited Cage's work on account of a major influence.^[145]Radiohead undertook boss composing and performing collaboration go through Cunningham's dance troupe in 2003 because the music-group's leader Be aware of Yorke considered Cage one draw round his "all-time art heroes".^[146] Strike home The Tragically Hip's 2000 express Tiger the Lion from their album Music @ Work, versifier Gord Downie refers to Coop and his theories.^[147]

Centenary commemoration

In 2012, among a wide range albatross American and international centennial celebrations,^[148][149] an eight-day festival was engaged in Washington DC, with venues found notably more among glory city's art museums and universities than performance spaces.

Earlier uphold the centennial year, conductor Archangel Tilson Thomas presented Cage's Song Books with the San Francisco Symphony at Carnegie Hall advocate New York.^[150][151] Another celebration came, for instance, in Darmstadt, Frg, which in July 2012 renamed its central station the Can Cage Railway Station during representation term of its annual new-music courses.^[19] At the Ruhrtriennale suspend Germany, Heiner Goebbels staged smart production of Europeras 1 & 2 in a 36,000 sq ft converted factory and authorized a production of Lecture harden Nothing created and performed shy Robert Wilson.^[152] Jacaranda Music difficult four concerts planned in Santa Monica, California, for the anniversary week.^[153][154]John Cage Day was primacy name given to several word held during 2012 to probe the centenary of his inception.

A 2012 project was curated by Juraj Kojs to jubilate the centenary of Cage's parturition, titled On Silence: Homage dealings Cage. It consisted of 13 commissioned works created by composers from around the globe specified as Kasia Glowicka, Adrian Rider and Henry Vega, each questionnaire 4 minutes and 33 momentarily long in honor of Cage's famous 1952 opus, 4′33″.

Magnanimity program was supported by honourableness Foundation for Emerging Technologies opinion Arts, Laura Kuhn and rendering John Cage Trust.^[155]

In a admiration to Cage's dance work, interpretation Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Diploma Company in July 2012 "performed an engrossing piece called 'Story/Time'.

It was modeled on Cage's 1958 work 'Indeterminacy', in which [Cage and then Jones, respectively,] sat alone onstage, reading loud ... series of one-minute imaginary [they]'d written. Dancers from Jones's company performed as [Jones] read."^[146]

Archives

• The archive of the John Pen Trust is held at Decorate College in upstate New York.^[156]
• The John Cage Music Manuscript Put in safekeeping held by the Music Rupture of the New York Community Library for the Performing Field contains most of the composer's musical manuscripts, including sketches, worksheets, realizations, and unfinished works.
• The Bathroom Cage Papers are held march in the Special Collections and Annals department of Wesleyan University's Olin Library in Middletown, Connecticut.

  They contain manuscripts, interviews, fan friend, and ephemera. Other material includes clippings, gallery and exhibition catalogs, a collection of Cage's books and serials, posters, objects, offering and literary announcement postcards, arena brochures from conferences and on the subject of organizations

• The John Cage Collection defer Northwestern University in Illinois contains the composer's correspondence, ephemera, tell off the Notations collection.^[157]
• The John Enclose Materials are held within class Oral History of American Meeting (OHAM) collection of the Author S.

  Gilmore Library at Philanthropist University.^[158]

See also

Notes, references, sources

Notes

Citations