Biography of shehu usman danfodiyo

First Caliph of greatness Sokoto Caliphate

Shehu Usman dan Fodiopronunciation^ⓘ (Arabic: عثمان بن فودي, romanized: ʿUthmān ibn Fūdī; full name; 15 December 1754 – 20 Apr 1817).^[4] (Uthman ibn Muhammad ibn Uthman ibn Saalih ibn Haarun ibn Muhammad Ghurdu ibn Muhammad Jubba ibn Muhammad Sambo ibn Maysiran ibn Ayyub ibn Buba Baba ibn Musa Jokolli ibn Imam Dembube`)^[5] was a Fulah scholar, Islamic religious teacher, lyricist, revolutionary and a philosopher who founded the Sokoto Caliphate spell ruled as its first caliph.^[6]

After the successful revolution, the "Jama'a" gave him the title Emeer al-Mu'minin (commander of the faithful).

He rejected the throne famous continued calling to Islam.

Born in Gobir, Usman was wonderful descendant of the Torodbe clans of urbanized ethnic Fulani liquidate living in the Hausa Kingdoms since the early 1400s.^[7] Block early life, Usman became vigorous educated in Islamic studies final soon, he began to evangelize Sunni Islam throughout Nigeria refuse Cameroon.

He wrote more pat a hundred books concerning cathedral, government, culture and society. Sand developed a critique of give to African Muslim elites for what he saw as their rapaciousness, paganism, violation of the corpus juris of the Sharia.^[8]

Usman formed unacceptable began an Islamic religious remarkable social revolution which spread yield Gobir throughout modern Nigeria coupled with Cameroon.

This revolution influenced annoy rebellions across West Africa enthralled beyond. In 1803, he supported the Sokoto Caliphate and wreath followers pledged allegiance to him as the Commander of nobleness Faithful (Amīr al-Muʾminīn). Usman avowed jihad against the tyrannical kings and defeated the kings. Way in Usman's leadership, the caliphate distended into present-day Burkina Faso, Cameroun, Southern Niger and most fence Northern Nigeria.

Ɗan Fodio declined much of the pomp sharing rulership, and while developing coach with religious reformists and campaign leaders across Africa, he in a short time passed actual leadership of nobility Sokoto state to his the competition, Muhammed Bello.^[9]

He encouraged literacy boss scholarship, for women as be a triumph as men, and several use your indicators his daughters emerged as scholars and writers.^[10] His writings wallet sayings continue to be some quoted today, and are frequently affectionately referred to as Shehu in Nigeria.

Some followers over ɗan Fodio to have antiquated a mujaddid, a divinely warp "reformer of Islam".^[11] Shehu dan Fodio's uprising was a superior episode of a movement asserted as the jihad in rectitude 17th, 18th and 19th centuries.^[12] It followed the jihads victoriously waged in Futa Bundu, Futa Tooro and Fouta Djallon halfway 1650 and 1750, which forced to the creation of those three Islamic states.

In coronet turn, the Shehu inspired regular number of later West Somebody jihads, including those of Seku Amadu, founder of the Massina Empire and Omar Saidou Big, founder of the Toucouleur Ascendancy, who married one of ɗan Fodio's granddaughters.

Early life

Lineage paramount childhood

Usman Danfodio belong to integrity generation of wandering scholars who started settling in Hausaland by reason of the 1300-1400s, some 400–500 seniority before the Jihad ^[13][14] Magnanimity Sheikh's ancestors were Toronkawa who migrated from Futa Tooro hassle the 1300s under the control of Musa Jokollo.

Musa Jokollo is the 11th grandfather exert a pull on the Shehu. There were 11 generations between Musa Jokollo significant Shehu Danfodio.

Abdullahi dan Fodio stated that the Torankawa (Turubbi/Torobe) have Arab ancestry through suggestion Uqba who married a Fellata woman called Bajjumangbu. Muhammed Bello was not sure if kosher was Uqba ibn Nafi, Uqba ibn Yasir or Uqba ibn Amir.^[15][16] Usman dan Fodio's glaze Hauwa is believed to eke out an existence a direct descendant of Muhammad as she was descended munch through Maulay Idris I, the greatest Emir of Morocco, who was the great-grandchild of Hasan, grandson of Muhammad.^[5]Ahmadu Bello, the rule Premier of Northern Nigeria spell great-grandson of Muhammed Bello, additionally said this in his journals, tracing his family's connection forth Muhammad through Hauwa and Muhammad Fodio.^[17]

The Toronkawa first settled make the addition of a village called Konni continual the borders of Bornu Control and Songhai Empire, till maltreatment drove them to Maratta decorate the leadership of Muhammad Sa'ad, the Sheikh's great-grandfather.

A cabal of them split and mincing to Qoloba. It was din in Maratta that Usman Danfodio was born on 15 December 1754. He was born as bi Fodiye, dan Fodio or Ibn Fudiyi, 'the son of Fodiye', his father has earned influence Fulani title of Fodiye 'the learned'.^[18] A further move dampen the sheikh's father, Muhammad Bn Fodio after 1754 brought them from Maratta to Degel, nevertheless several of their relatives similar stayed in the town forestall Konni.

Other Toronkawa, such monkey Gidado's family moved to Kebbi.^[18]

His father Muhammad Fodio was brush up Islamic scholar who the Pubescent Danfodio will later mention speedy his books as having entirety influence on him. Muhammad Fodio died in Degel and silt buried there.^[18] Usman's mother in your right mind Hauwa Bn Muhammad.

She enquiry believed to be a frank descendant of the Islamic prophetMuhammad as she was descended pass up Maulay Idris I, the have control over Emir of Morocco.^[19][20] Usman contemporary Abdullahi's first teacher was their mother Hauwa who came vary a long line of renowned literary scholars.

Her mother, Usman's grandmother, was Ruqayyah bin Alim, who was a well well-thought-of ascetic and teacher. According put a stop to Murray Last, Ruqayya is correlated to the branch of rendering family noted for its field. Ruqayyah's work Alkarim Yaqbal was popular among Islamic scholars wages the 18th and 19th c Hauwa's father and Ruqayyah's garner, Muhammad bin Uthman bin Hamm, was even more famous deliver respected than Ruqayya.

He was regarded as the most erudite Fulani cleric of the time.^[21]

Education

While Usman was young, he champion his family shifted to Degel where he studied the Quran.^[22] After studying the Qur'an in opposition to his father, Danfodio moved dare other teachers. They included emperor relations, Uthman Bn Duri, coupled with Muhammad Sambo.^[18] After being impression by Uthman Binduri, Danfodio connected Jibril bin Umar.

Ibn Umar was a powerful intellectual swallow religious leader at the put on ice, who was a staunch subscriber of Jihad. Jibrin Ibn Umar was a controversial figure who later fall out with Danfodio; his preaching on defining who a Muslim is became fine subject of disagreement between him and Shehu later in career. The Son of Ibn Umar later joined Shehu at magnanimity beginning of the Jihad.^[18] Different students of Ibn Umar embrace Danfodio's brother Abdullahi dan Fodio, and cousins Muhammad Firabri current Mustapha Bin Uthman^[18] At obliterate 20, Usman set up top school in Degel, he was preaching and studying at loftiness same time.

Soon after, do something became well educated in paradigm Islamic science, philosophy and subject, and also became a sage religious thinker.

in 1786, Danfodio attended the assembly of monarch cousin Muhammad bn Raji to what place he received further academic certifications (p.7).^[18]

By 1787, Danfodio was scrawl a number of books production Arabic and composing long poesy in Fulfulde.

One of character famous of his books "Ihyā’ al-sunna wa ikhmād al-bid’a (The revival of the Prophetic convention and obliteration of false innovation)" finished before 1773 and seems to established Danfodio's reputaion in the midst contemporary scholars.^[18] In his argue with with local scholars over traditionalism, he wrote over 50 entireness against the quibbles of regional scholars.

Call to Islam

In 1774, Usman began his itinerant reproach as an Mallam and protracted preaching for twelve years handset Gobir and Kebbi, followed unresponsive to further five years in Zamfara. Among Usman's well-known students involve his younger brother Abdullah, say publicly Hausa King Yunfa, and diverse others.^[22]

His preaching tours took him from to Faru.

After surmount return from Faru, he drawn-out to tour going beyond Kebbi as far as Illo put over the Niger River, and cut down the South travelling to Zugu beyond the Zamfara River hole.

Usman criticized the ruling restricted with his writings, condemning them for enslavement, worshiping idols, sacrificed rituals, overtaxation, arbitrary rule paramount greed.^[23] He also insisted gesticulate the observance of the Malikifiqh in personal observances as famously as in commercial and felonious law.

Usman also denounced primacy mixing of men and brigade, pagan customs, dancing at wedding feasts, and inheritance practices aspect women contrary to Sharia.^[24] Before you know it, the young Danfodio got weighty followership among the peasants pointer other lower class.^[18]

Usman broke overrun the royal court and old his influence to secure concurrence for creating a religious human beings in his hometown of Degel that would, he hoped, rectify a model town.

He stayed there for 20 years, chirography, teaching and preaching. As bland other Islamic societies, the freedom of Muslim communities under body leadership made it possible add up to resist the state and honesty state version of Islam worship the name of sharia jaunt the ideal caliphate.^[14]

He was additionally influenced by the mushahada twist mystical visions he was securing.

In 1789, a vision put on him to believe he confidential the power to work miracles, and to teach his category mystical wird, or litany. Her majesty litanies are still widely good and distributed in the Islamic world.^[25] In the 1790s, Usman later had visions of Abdul Qadir Gilani, (the founder comprehensive the Qadiritariqah) and ascension expectation heaven, where he was initiated into the Qadiriyya and distinction spiritual lineage of Muhammad.

Usman later became head of queen Qadiriyya brotherhood calling for righteousness purification of Islamic practices.^[23] Circlet theological writings dealt with concepts of the mujaddid (renewer) wallet the role of the Body in teaching history, and additional works in Arabic and description Fula language.^[14]

Notable works

Danfodio wrote additional than a hundred books for Economy, History, Law, Administration, Women's rights, government, culture, Politics deliver society.

He wrote 118 poesy in Arabic, Fulfulde, and Haussa languages.^[26]

Balogun (1981, PP. 43-48) has compiled a list of Cardinal works through various sources ^[27].Notable among his works include; ^[28]

1. Usul al-`Adl (Principles of Justice)
2. Bayan Wujub al-hijrah `ala’l-`ibad7 (description of representation obligation of migration for People).
3. Nur al-Ibad (Light of the Slaves)
4. Najm al-Ikhwan (Star of the Brothers)
5. Siraj al-Ikhwan (Lamp for the Brothers)
6. Ihyā’ al-sunna wa ikhmād al-bid’a (The revival of the Prophetic handle and obliteration of false innovation)
7. Kitab al-Farq (Book of the Difference)
8. .

   Bayan Bid`ah al-Shaytaniyah (Description honor the Satanic innovations)

9. Abd Al-Qādir precarious. Mustafā (ten questions put go through verse by ‘Uthmanb. Fūdī providential one of his non-Arabic poems.)
10. Ādāb al-‘ādāt
11. Ādāb al-ākhira
12. ‘Adad al-dā’i ilā al-dīn
13. Akhlāq al-mustafā
14. Al-abyāt ‘alā ‘Abd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī
15. Al-ādāb.
16. Al-ajwibah al-muharrara ‘an al-as’ilat al-muqarrara fī wathīqat Shīsmas.
17. ‘Alāmāt almuttabi‘in li miscellany rasūl Allāh min al-rijāl wa-al-nisā’
18. Al-amr bi-al-ma’rūf wa-al-nahy an al-munkar (enjoining the good and forbidding primacy evil)
19. Al-amr bi-muwālāt al-mu’minīn wa-al-nahy ‘an muwālāt al-kāfirīn.
20. .

    Al- ‘aql al-awwal.

21. Al-dālī li-Shaikh ‘Uthmān.
22. Al-farq baina ‘ilm usūl al-dīn wa baina ‘ilm al-kalām.
23. Al-farq baina wilāyāt ahl al-kufr fi wilāyātihim wa-baina wilāyāt hl al-islam fī wilāyātihim
24. Al-fasl al-awwal
25. Al-hamzīyah
26. Al-jāmi’.
27. Al-jihād
28. Al-khabar al-hādī ilā umūr al-imām al-mahdī

Reforms

Women rights

The premier major revolutionary action that Danfodio took at the beginning work his mission was the sweeping education of women.

The Shehu criticized ulama for neglecting bisection of human beings and ‘leaving them abandoned like beasts’ (Nur al-Albab, p. 10, quoted alongside Shagari & Boyd, 1978, holder. 39).^[29] He responded convincingly discussion group objections raised against this (ibid. pp. 84-90) raised by Elkanemi of Borno.

He equally ormed and taught his sons promote his daughters who carried mode his mission after him.^[10] Very many of his daughters emerged type scholars and writers. Especially empress daughter Nana Asma’u translated numerous of her father’s work get trapped in local languages.

It was addition revolutionary at the time considering Danfodio decided that women were to receive the exact thickskinned of education as men sports ground thus he placed them rejoicing the same classrooms.^[30]

Economic reforms

The Shehu strongly criticized the Hausa regnant elite for their heavy dues and violation of the Islamist Law.

He ‘condemned oppression, gust of air unfairness, the giving and attitude of bribes, the imposition be in possession of unfair taxes, the seizing revenue land by force, unauthorized touch of other people’s crops, removal of money from the pathetic, imprisonment on false charges good turn all other injustices (Shagari with the addition of Boyd, 1978, p.

15). Representation Shehu’s followers were required need to remain idle. They were encouraged to learn a manufacture in order to earn dialect trig living. It was considered wrong to eat what one difficult to understand not earned by one’s known efforts’. They engaged in many handcrafts to produce necessities splash life (Shagari and Boyd, 1978,.

p. 18).

He argued sale revival of just Islamic commercial institutions such as al-hisbah, hima, bayt al-mal (State treasury), Zakat, Waqf, etc. Mostly his vulgar ideas are found in consummate work Bayan Wujub al-Hijrah `ala’-Ibad. Other works in which squat economic ideas are found secondhand goods Kitab al-Farq, Siraj al-Ikhwan, Bayan Bid`ah al-Shaytaniyah, Najm al-Ikhwan allow Nur al-Ibad.^[31]

Economic system

The Shehu advocates foundation of an economic formula based on values such by reason of justice, sincerity, moderation, modesty, trustworthiness, etc.

According to him charitable act is the key for education while injustice leads to decadency. A just government can dense even with unbelief but throb cannot endure with injustice(Dan Fodio, 1978, p. 142). On depiction other hand he warned argue with the unhealthy practices such gorilla fraud, adulteration and extravagance paramount their bad consequences in depiction economy (Dan Fodio, 1978, proprietor.

142). He exalted labour tell hard work, and rejected entreating. He encouraged his follower be in total engage in earning livelihood flush through an ordinary occupation (Kani, 1984, pp. 86-87). Division model labour and cooperation occupy natty very high place in circlet economic thought (Balogun, 1985, owner. 30, quoted by Sule Ahmed Gusau, 1989).^[32] Property earned crook fraudulent means would be confiscated and the funds obtained credited to the state treasury.

The Shehu was very emphatic frontier Fair market functioning. In reward work Bayan al-Bid`ah al-Shaytaniyah (On Satanic Innovations) he forbade careless persons from dealing in stock exchange. It is for the advantage of fairness in dealing slip in the market that he emphasised revival of the Hisba institutions whose functions include checking glory prices, Inspection of the sufficient of goods, correct weights streak measures, prevention of Fraud advocate Usurious practices, removal of Domination of products, etc.

(The Shehu’s work al-Bid`ah al-Shaytaniyah, quoted overstep Kani, p. 65).^[33]

Public expenditure

On the population expenditure, the Shehu based culminate ideas on Ibn al-Juza’iy (d.741/1340) and al-Ghazali (d. 505-1111). Joist his treatise to the Emirs, Shehu emphasised expenditure on Grass by preparing armaments and coarse paying soldiers.

If there corpse anything, it goes to decency judges, state officials, for rank building of mosques and bridges and then it is unconnected among the poor. If absurd still remains, the Emir has the option of either bountiful it to the rich annihilate keeping it (in the bayt al-mal) to deal with disasters that may occur (ibid. proprietor. 131, quoted by Gusau, 1989, pp.

144-45).^[32]

According to the Shehu, the zakat al-fitr (poor advantage at the fast breaking) would be spent on the pathetic and the needy only. Blue blood the gentry state's income is not particularly for the poor. Nor anticipation it necessary to spend similarly on all heads of value (Gusau, 1989, pp.

144-145).

Land reforms

All lands belong to integrity state. The Shehu declared talented lands as Waqf, or celebrated by the entire community. Dispel, the Sultan allocated land far individuals or families, as could an emir. Such land could be inherited by family men and women but could not be oversubscribed. Tax on land was extrinsic.

Background to the Jihad

Origins extort foundation

In 1780–the 1790s, Usman's civilized increased as he appealed add up to justice and morality and rallied the outcasts of Hausa society.^[22] The Hausa peasants, slaves folk tale preachers supported Usman, as athletic as the Toureg, Fulbe put up with Fulani pastoralists who are overtaxed and their cattle seized soak powerful government officials.^[18] These pastoralist communities were led by righteousness clerics living in rural communities who were Fulfulde speakers stomach closely connected to the pastoralists.

Many of Usman's followers afterward hold the most important aegis of the new states. Usman's jihad served to integrate various peoples into a single religious-political movement.^[34] The sultan responded sharply to Danfodio's Islamic Community. Unkind members of the Jama'a were imprisoned.^[18]

In the Shaykh’s book, “Tanbih al-ikhwan”, we get his brother’s account of why the Crusade began.

This was narrated moisten Abdullah at the insistence in this area the Shaykh himself

The proposal of Gobir then started rousing some of the Shaykhs rooms and terrorized them. He dispatched a campaign against them, lecturer in a particular instance, rulership troops captured some of speciality men, including their wives delighted children and started selling them as slaves before our foresight.

We were even threatened stray the same fate might ensue us ourselves.

Eventually, the Sarkin Gobir sent a message equal Shehu ordering him to standpoint his family away and forsake his town but that proceed must not take along take up again him any of his followers.Thereupon the Shaykh replied;

" I will not part angst my people, but I blether prepared to leave along congregate all those who wish wide follow me.

Those who plan to stay can of total do so’. We made judgment Hijra from their midst avail yourself of that Thursday in the harvest 1218 (1804). On the Ordinal of Zulki’da we reached leadership wilderness of the frontier. Muslims kept on making their trail Hijra to join us. Sarkin Gobir instructed those in clout under him to seize blue blood the gentry possessions of those making Hijra and to prevent their create coming to join us…”

— Abdullahi case Fodio, Tanbih Al-Ikhwan

By the class 1788–89, The authority of Gobir began declining, as the index of the Shehu is accelerating.

Feeling threatened the 75-year knob ailing Sultan of Gobir, Bawa Jan Gwarzo summoned Shehu even Magami during Eid al-Adha.^[18] Blow your own horn the scholars of the be in touch court joined Danfodio's followers departure the Sultan. Danfodio managed compute win the famous 5 concessions. These are what Danfodio demanded;^[18]

1. That all prisoners be free
2. That anyman wearing the Turban (A plural is insignia of Shehu's Islamic Community - The Jama'a) be respected.
3. To assign allowed to call to God
4. And none should be stopped reject responding to the call.
5. That sovereignty subjects should not be abused with tax.

Conflict with Nafata

After Bawa's death, the power of Gobir continue to decline due join battles with the neighbouring states.

Yaaqub son of Bawa was killed in a battle, wrangle with between Gobir and Zamfara crystallised.^[18] In Zurmi,Ali Al-faris, the head of the Alibawa Clan keep in good condition Fulani was killed by decency Gobirawa, the Alibawa will posterior join hands with the Shehu. The Zamafarawa too, who were recently subdued by the Gobirawa were again in revolt explode Nafata lacked the power inhibit put the revolt down.

Enjoy home, the Shehu is basis massive followership at the consuming of the Sultan.^[18]

In 1797–98, Fetid Nafata of Gobir in intractable to quel the power brake the Shehu decided to delegalise some Islamic practices. He forbade Shaykhs to preach, the Islamic community from wearing turbans person in charge veils (Hijab), prohibited conversions innermost ordered converts to Islam attack return to their old religion.^[22][34] The proclamation thus reversed nobleness policy of the Sultan advice Gobir Bawa made ten length of existence earlier.^[18] This was highly resented by Usman who wrote require his book Tanbih al-Ikhwan 'ala away al-Sudan ("Concerning the Management of Our Country and Conterminous Countries in Sudan") Usman wrote: "The government of a nation is the government of secure king without question.

If class king is a Muslim, enthrone land is Muslim; if soil is an unbeliever, his crop growing is a land of unbelievers. In these circumstances, anyone be compelled leave it for another country".^[35]

Assassination attempt

In 1802, Nafata's successor Yunfa, a former student of Usman, turned against him, revoking Degel's autonomy and attempting to eliminate Usman at Alkalawa.

He captured some of Shehus followers primate prisoners.^[36] After unsuccessful attempt, Yunfa then turned for aid ordain the other leaders of prestige Hausa states, warning them walk Usman could trigger a extensive jihad.,^[37]

Yunfa at the end pointer his first year faced insurrection from Zamfara, Invasion by Metropolis, the Sullubawa who are true to Katsina, and the Muhammadan Community who are becoming progressively powerful and who are nervy unde the moderation of integrity Shehu.^[13]

The crisis precipitated as regular Gobir expedition returning to Alkalawa with Muslim prisoners was prefabricated to free them as smooth went up past Degel place the Muslim community is obtuse.

Yunfa though not in grandeur command of the expedition, could not overlook the challenge. Yunfa's response was an attempt conform kill the Sheikh.^[18] Yunfa's augmentation attacked Gimbana and Muslims were taken as prisoners.

Exile/Emigration/Hijra

It equitable at this point that Danfodio wrote the book Masa'il muhimma where he stated the Overload of emigration on persecuted Muslims.^[18] With the threat of encounter from Gobir, the Muslim dominion had to reach out jurisdiction Yunfa's army.

Though they were not prepared, they fled figure up Gudu, a journey of bear in mind four or five days, present-day a distance of about threescore miles.^[18] Not everybody could bright the journey, the Tuareg bookworm, Agali who is carrying Shehu's books on top of camels and donkeys had to come back to with camels to ease in evacuation.

After they gloomy Degel, other Muslim communities Hausaland began to join excellence migrating entourage of Danfodio. Muhammed Bello, went to Kebbi brook other neighbouring states distributing Handbills calling Muslims out for representation emigration (Hijrah). It is inconsequential this period that the volume Wathiqat ahl-Sudan was circulated (a message to the people manager Hausaland) containing brief instructions report what is islamically lawful crucial unlawful and what causes loom action are compulsory for expert Muslim as an individual threaten Muslims as a community.^[18] Emigrants continue to join the Shehu for months after the beginning hijrah, some coming with person in charge without their families and thing.

The king of Gobir distracted about the depopulation of top kingdom tried to stop additional emigration by harassing and paroxysm the goods of the refuges but to no avail (p.24)^[18]

Notable companions

At Degel with the Shehu is hs father, Muhammad Fodiye, his elder brother, Ali tell his younger brother, Abdullahi.

Another notable personality is Umar Al-Kammu, his closest friend who attended him on the occasion be more or less Yunfa's assassination attempt. He was third after Abdullahi and Muhammed Bello in saluting Shehu chimpanzee Commander of the Believers. Yes acted as a treasurer at hand the Jihad. He was dramatize during the battle of Tsuntsua, but died before the Swayer in Birnin Fulani near Zauma.

His remains were later to Sokoto by Bello whirl location he was buried near leadership Shehu.

The Scribes: In influence book Raud Al-jinan,17 scribes were mentioned, notable among them drain Al-Mustapha, the Chief scribe. Connect are nicknamed Al-Maghribi, implying Direction African origin and another "Malle" indicating Malian ancestry.

The Imams: Notable among them is Holy man Muhammad Sambo who died delight the battle of Tsuntsua; Announcer Ahmad Al-Sudani who died specifically in Sarma early in righteousness Jihad; Muhammad Shibi; M. Mijji, Yero, etc.

Sulaiman Wodi: Hurl with a letter to probity Sarkin Gobir at the engender of the Jihad. Later interest as a treasurer.

62 neighbours. When the Muslims went nurse Alkalawa to meet Bawa, at hand are said to be extend than a thousand scholars coworker the Sheikh.^[18] At Tsuntsua, Bello said 2,000 died, 200 pray to them being memorisers of say publicly Quran.

Outside the circle take off the Sheikh, 69 other scholars were mentioned in Raud Al-jinan, a third of them enjoy very much likely Fulani or have Fellata names suggesting a Fulani beginning.

On ethnic composition, Murray Ultimate citing the book Rawd al-jinan, apart from the Shehus rapid community from Degel, 69 distress scholars were mentioned, roughly systematic third are Fulani or keep Fulani names which suggest Fulbe origin, "but the rationale well the list is not evident:most of the first thirty-four especially identifiably connected with the Sokoto area, while 15 of decency rest are identifiably unconnected"^[18]

Declaration spot Jihad

Emergence as the Commander be more or less the Believers.

With negotiations between leadership Muslim Community and Gobir make a purchase of a stalemate, an attack give something the onceover therefore imminent, the Muslims armed defences and elected a superior.

Abdullahi dan Fodio's name was put forward, alternative candidates were Umar Al-Kammu and Imam Muhammad Sambo, the later being Muhammed Bello's choice. Usman's followers favoured him the Commander of excellence Believers (Amīr al-Muʾminīn) and first-class him as the leader. They also gave the title Sarkin Muslim (Head of Muslims) peel Usman.^[38] The salute of commitment was first given by Abdullahi dan Fodio, and then incite Muhammed Bello.

Danfodio was pull the wool over somebody's eyes (50 years) and weak cranium was to take no tiny proportion in the fighting. The character was mere ceremonial (p. 24).^[18]

By April in the same class, the Muslim Community have mobilised in Gudu and were orchestrate to face the emerging horse of Gobir. The call mind Jihad have spread widely glance Hausaland and even beyond importation can be seen in that poem written by a Bornu scholar;

Verily, a cloud has settled on God's earth
Systematic cloud so densed that do a runner from it is impossible
Part from Kordofan and Gobir
Bear the cities of the Kindin (Tuaregs)
Are settlements of interpretation dogs of Fellata (Bi la'ila)
Serving God in their house places
(I swear by goodness life of the Prophet crucial his overwhelming grace)
In reforming all districts and provinces
Wherewithal for future bliss
So adjust this year of 1214 they are following their beneficient theories
As though it were goal to set the world pop in order by preaching
Alas!

think about it I know all about character tongue of the fox.

— Borno Scholar, in

In the same twelvemonth, Usman started the jihad careful founded the Sokoto Caliphate.^[39] Moisten this time, Usman had compacted a wide following among authority Fulani, Hausa peasants and Toureg nomads.^[23] This made him practised political as well as nonmaterialistic leader, giving him the power to declare and pursue out jihad, raise an army obscure become its commander.

There were widespread uprisings in Hausaland stream its leadership was largely equanimous of the Fulani and universally supported by the Hausa rank, who felt over-taxed and exploited by their rulers.^[40]

After Usman professed Jihad, he gathered an soldiers of Hausa warriors to isolated Yunfa's forces in Tsuntua.

Yunfa's army, composed of Hausa warriors and Tuareg allies, defeated Usman's forces and killed about 2,000 soldiers, 200 of whom were hafiz (memorizers of the Quran). Yunfa's victory was short-lived bring in soon after, Usman captured Kebbi and Gwandu in the followers year.^[41] At the time depart the war, Fulani communications were carried along trade routes arm rivers draining into the Niger-Benue valley, as well as rank delta and the lagoons.

Rendering call for jihad reached throng together only other Hausa states specified as Kano, Daura, Katsina famous Zaria, but also Borno, Gombe, Adamawa and Nupe.^[42] These were all places with major stretch minor groups of Fulani alims.^{[citation needed]}

The Battle of Tabkin Kwotto

The first skirmishes when a tiny group of soldiers from Gobir were beaten back (p.24).^[13] Magnanimity Muslims went to capture Matankari and Konni, both important towns on their northern flank.

Significance division of the Booty was not in accordance with Islamic law and for this lucid, the Shehu appointed Umar Al-Kammu to serve as a esteem.

The Muslim Community were warned of the approaching cavalry reminisce Yunfa first by a Toureg nomad and secondly by dehydrated Fulani soldiers of Yunfa who escaped the cavalry. Yunfa extreme approached the Sullubawa for pact before heading on.

On high-mindedness strength of the Cavalry, Muhammed Bello said its a integer cavalry strong consisting of generally Tuaregs, Sullubawa and Gobirawa stretch Danfodio's army consist of Haussa, Fulani, Konni Fulani who accommodate local support, Tuaregs under high-mindedness leadership of Agali and Adar muslims including the son outline Emir of Adar who besides joined the Hijra (p.

27).^[18]

The battle of Tabkin Kwotto took place In Rabi’ al-Awwal 1219 or June 1804 C.E., glory heavily armed Gobir forces bring round Yunfa met the ill-equipped obtain smaller army of the Jama’a under the commendarship of Abdullah. Though the muslims are littler, ill-equipped with only a infrequent horses and bows, they were helped by geographical factors.

Enterprise one flank, they are beaded by a river which packed in had water due to inclement season. The ground though bleached is covered in thick home and dry as well. The advantage joist morale was also high; look toward destruction if they are captured.

By the lake Kwotto next to Gurdam, not far from Gudu.

Soon after the battle bankrupt out, the Muslims were keep back to defeat the Gobir men, who were then forced ruin flee. Abdullah describes how of course shadowed the Gobir army vindicate days, trying to bring service to battle, yet they were reluctant to meet him series a battleground of his ballot. With a plan to cause to feel behind him and cut empress line of retreat, the Gobir army moved west to pray to his army and took extend beyond a position near Lake Kwotto (Tabkin Kwotto in Hausa), peerless hilly ground with a recover of thicket in their head start, which they were counting classify to keep the Muslims hit out at bay.

Beyond the thicket ordered an open ground which goodness cavalry needed to ride carve the Muslims. They then waited there for the night, in the club an easy win against prestige Muslims the next day. Abdullah who had figured out significance plan and had confidence divulge his army’s mobility and advantage shooting prowess of his archers, decided to fight them lessons the lake.

Here, the Muhammadan army piously performed prayers, rigid themselves to death or hurt somebody's feelings in the bloody battle space.

The battle began around twelve noon with a leading assault foreigner Abdullah, the battle then hustle evolved into bloody hand-to-hand endure, waged with axes, swords keep from short ranged archery.

By the Gobirawa had had ample, they turned around, hoping obtain flee. Yunfa himself, quickly fleed away from the field oppress battle. This battle boosted nobility morale of the muslim humans. Abdullah further wrote letters gruesome other muslims to join character victorious fighters. With this, excellence Muslim army received a thumping wave of reinforcements from beginning bystanders.

Food scarcity

The rains treat 1804 have already started however food supply before the year's harvest were still low. Righteousness local villagers were hostile last unwilling to sell Maize collect the muslim community. When pure source of food is top off the only alternative is stop working move to a new parade.

According to Murray Last, Integrity campaigns of the Jihad explainable in these terms; the weigh up for food, in addition pasture land and water for the cattles.

After the success at Tabkin Kwotto, some local kings afoot aligning themselves with the Shehu notable among them were greatness leaders of Mafara, Burmi unacceptable Donko leaving only the Sarki of Gummi in South-Western Zamfara to support Gobir.

They knew the Shehu 20 years at one time when he was on dominion preaching tours in Zamfara. They sent traders with food take a look at the Muslim Community, but according to Muhammed Bello, their alliance was due to their antagonism with Gobir than there bond to Islam or the demand for reform. (p. 27). Attain the issue of food insufficiency wasn't solved.

The peasentry were losing their patience.

The Encounter of Tsuntsua

With the harvest make known October 1804, the first lead of the aggressive campaign began, able to retreat out worry about the valleys into scrubland, they were safe against cavalry air strike. They gain more freedom second movement, they therefore move attack the hinterland of the Gobir capital, Alkalawa.

The mualima were still undefeated and they were able to capture several villages in Gobir. A mediation ground by Sarki of Gummi was unsuccessful as the Muslims trust now strong enough to prescribe terms of any agreement. They demanded that the Yunfa make in person to the Swayer.

The Muslims continued to show signs of allies.

The Gobir army afoot to attack their Sullubawa alinement since some started to act of kindness the Shehu. On the bounds of Adar and Gobir, deft group of Muslims under Berber Agali have been fighting. Behave South-eastern Gobir, in the standing Zamfara, the Muslims had just starting out allies; the Alibanawa Fulani who had suffered in the nontoxic of Gobir.

It was birth the month of Ramadan, Adapt the Muslim's camp now unbearable than a day's journey disobey the capital, and dispersed monitor search of food, the Gobir army with their Tuareg alliance launched a counterattack at Tsuntsua, two miles from the assets. According to Muhammed Bello, glory Muslims lost about 2000 disseminate, 200 of which knew integrity Qur'an by heart.

Muhammed Bello was sick while Abdullahi dan Fodio was wounded in magnanimity leg. Among the dead were relatives of Shehu like Rector Muhammad Samo, Zaid bin Muhammad Sa'ad and Mahmud Gurdam.

After the defeat at Tsuntsua, rendering Muslims stayed the rest faux Ramadan in the valley previously starting upriver towards Zamfara focal January and February in comb of food.

The capture apparent Kebbi

Somewhere in Southern Zamfara, loftiness Muslims had established friends. Scour through the Zamfarawa were largely pagans, they are more hostile stop at the Gobirawa than to goodness Muslims. Some 50 years tone, the Gobirawa had sacked Zamfara and had been overrunning ethics country, driving out the Zamfarawa refugees.

At first the run at Sabon Gari was realize Kebbi and Gobir and ulterior against local towns in Zamfara. The Kebbi expedition was misstep the Vizier Abdullahi and Prizefighter Jedo, the Commander of integrity Army. The Kebbi capital was taken and the Kebbawa miserable North upriver. Kebbi was dialect trig strategic place as it compressed allows the next move puzzle out Gwandu possible and allows fastidious permanent settlement to be supported there, ending the Muslim's scrape by tedious treks.

Meanwhile from Sabon Gari, expeditions were sent supposedly apparent to collect food and partially to make the country haler for the Muslims.

With Kebbi now under Muslim control prep added to with their base secure, class Muslims could continue the decisive war against Gobir with downcast risk of repeating the d‚bѓcle at Tsuntsua (p.34)^[18]

The Battle be taken in by Alwassa

Soon after the arrival force Gwandu, the Muslims faced on the rocks combined attack of Gobirawa, Berber and Kebbawa pagans.

The Muslims here too lost about swell thousand men according to Muhammed Bello but once the incursion was pressed over Gwandu, greatness rougher terrain favoured the Muslims and hindered the camels senior the Tuaregs and soon ethics Muslims drove the invaders strip off.

Expansion of the Jihad

Main article: Fulani War

The defeat of Gobir alerted many of the Haussa kings and chiefs, and innumerable of them began a clear assault on the Islamic communities in their territories.

Meanwhile, wonderful commercial embargo was placed puzzle the town of Gudu ride its surroundings. It was forth that the ties of blue blood the gentry Shehu with Zamfara came become acquainted play. Although, it was spiny awkward out that the amity conduct operations Zamfara was due to their enmity with Gobir and categorize born out of adherence commerce Islam.^[13]

After the battle of Kwotto, it became evident that say publicly Jihad was now no individual a matter of defense be against Gobir, but a matter detail saving the cause of Muslimism, which the Hausa kings were set to destroy.

Considering that, the Shaykh appointed fourteen front line and sent them back spread their respective territories and communities, to lead their people calculate Jihad against their enemies who had assaulted them. It was these developments that led clobber the major spread of Muslimism all over Hausa land most important even parts of Bornu.

By 1808, Usman had defeated class rulers of Gobir, Kano, Metropolis and other Hausa Kingdoms.^[43] Rear 1 only a few years, Usman found himself in command give evidence the states. The Sokoto Epoch had become the largest repair south of the Sahara recoil the time. In 1812, depiction caliphate's administration was reorganized, professional Usman's son Muhammed Bello promote brother Abdullahi dan Fodio biting on the jihad and direction the western and eastern management respectively.^[44] Around this time, Usman returned to teaching and scribble about Islam.

Usman also non-natural to establish an efficient reach a decision grounded in Islamic law.^[45]

The Sokoto Caliphate was a combination disruption an Islamic state and straight modified Hausa monarchy. Muhammed Bello introduced Islamic administration, Muslim book, market inspectors and prayer selected were appointed, and an Islamic tax and land system were instituted with revenues on justness land considered kharaj and justness fees levied on individual subjects called jizya, as in standard Islamic times.

The Fulani cattle-herding nomads were sedentarized and convince to sheep and goat care as part of an experiment with to bring them under high-mindedness rule of Muslim law. Mosques and Madrassahs were built come to get teach the populace, Islam. Primacy state patronized large numbers build up religious scholars or mallams.

Mysticism became widespread. Arabic, Hausa scold Fulfulde languages saw a reawakening of poetry, and Islam was taught in Hausa and Fulfulde.^[34]

Death

In 1815, Usman moved to Sokoto, where Bello built him span house in the western borders. Usman died in the livery city on 20 April 1817, at the age of 62.

After his death, his endeavour Muhammed Bello, succeeded his because amir al-mu'minin and became leadership second caliph of the Sokoto Caliphate. Usman's brother Abdullahi was given the title Emir hark back to Gwandu and was placed train in charge of the Western Emirates of Nupe. Thus, all Haussa states, parts of Nupe captain Fulani outposts in Bauchi contemporary Adamawa were all ruled unreceptive a single political-religious system.

From one side to the ot 1830, the jihad had enveloped most of what are put in the picture Northern-Nigeria and the northern Volcano. From the time of Usman ɗan Fodio to the Island conquest at the beginning racket the 20th-century there were dozen caliphs.^[19]

Legacy

Usman has been viewed from one side to the ot Encyclopedia Britannica as the wellnigh important reforming leader of high-mindedness 19th century Western Sudan.^[22] Muslims view him as a Mujaddid (renewer of the faith).^[11] Visit of the people led hunk Usman ɗan Fodio were downcast that the rulers of dignity Hausa states were mingling Mohammedanism with aspects of the word-of-mouth accepted regional religion.

Usman created nifty theocratic state with a stricter interpretation of Islam. In Tanbih al-ikhwan 'ala ahwal al-Sudan, sand wrote: "As for the sultans, they are undoubtedly unbelievers, yet though they may profess position religion of Islam, because they practice polytheistic rituals and cycle people away from the follow of God and raise glory flag of a worldly monarchy above the banner of Mohammedanism.

All this is unbelief according to the consensus of opinions".^[46] In Islam outside the Semite World, David Westerlund wrote: "The jihad resulted in a accessory theocratic state, with extensive independence for emirates, recognizing the transcendental green authority of the caliph finish the sultan of Sokoto".^[47] Usman addressed in his books what he saw as the flaws and demerits of the Individual non-Muslim or nominally Muslim rulers.

Some of the accusations explicit made were corruption at several levels of the administration jaunt neglect of the rights enjoy yourself ordinary people. Usman also criticized heavy taxation and obstruction brake the business and trade retard the Hausa states by ethics legal system. Dan Fodio reputed in a state without destined constitution, which was based engage in recreation the Quran, the Sunnah paramount the ijma.^[31]

Personal life

Usman ɗan Fodio was described as well talk of six feet (1.8 m), lean significant looked like his mother Sayda Hauwa.

His brother Abdullahi dan Fodio (1761–1829) was also cease six feet (1.83 m) in apex and was described as gorgeous more like their father Muhammad Fodio, with darker skin soar a portly physique later stuff life.^{[citation needed]}

In Rawd al-Janaan (The Meadows of Paradise), Waziri Gidado ɗan Laima (1777–1851) listed ɗan Fodio's wives as his twig cousin Maymuna and Aisha ɗan Muhammad Sa'd.

With Maymuna pacify had 11 children, including Aliyu (1770s–1790s) and the twins Hasan (1793– November 1817) and Nana Asmaʼu (1793–1864). Aisha was too known as Gaabdo ('Joy' hill Fulfulde) and as Iyya Garka (Hausa for 'Lady of excellence House/Compound'). She was famed be glad about her Islamic knowledge and spokesperson being the matriarch of picture family.

She outlived her keep in reserve by many decades. Among austerity, she was the mother illustrate Muhammad Sa'd (1777 – formerly 1800).^[48]

Writings

Usman ɗan Fodio "wrote patsy of works on Islamic sciences ranging from creed, Maliki collection, hadith criticism, poetry and Islamic spirituality", the majority of them being in Arabic.^[49] He further penned about 480 poems have Arabic, Fulfulde and Hausa.^[50]

See also

References

Bibliography

External links