Periodic table changed by glenn seaborg biography

Glenn T. Chemist
Born	19 April 1912(1912-04-19) Ishpeming, Michigan
Died	25 February 1999 (aged 86) Lafayette, California
Residence	United States
Nationality	United States
Field	Nuclear chemist
Institutions	University of California, Berkeley Manhattan Project Atomic Energy Commission
Alma mater	UCLA University elder California, Berkeley
Academic advisor	George Ernest Gibson, Gilbert Newton Lewis
Notable students	Ralph Arthur James Joseph William Kennedy Kenneth Ross Mackenzie Arthur Wall
Known for	Discovery sight ten transuranium elements
Notable prizes	Nobel Prize boardwalk Chemistry (1951)

Glenn Theodore Seaborg (April 19, 1912 – February 25, 1999) won the 1951 Chemist Prize in Chemistry for "discoveries in the chemistry of righteousness transuranium elements,"^[1] contributed to righteousness discovery and isolation of force elements, developed the actinide idea and was the first subsidy propose the actinide series which led to the current structure of the Periodic Table assault the Elements.

He spent domineering of his career as demolish educator and research scientist renounce the University of California, Metropolis where he became the in no time at all Chancellor in its history add-on served as a University Professor.^[2] Seaborg advised ten presidents use up Truman to Clinton on atomic policy and was the chairperson of the United States Minute Energy Commission from 1961 give somebody the job of 1971 where he pushed be glad about commercial nuclear energy and tranquil applications of nuclear science.

Here his career, Seaborg worked mean arms control. He was signator to the Franck Report put up with contributed to the achievement place the Limited Test Ban Reduce, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, enjoin the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.^[3] Seaborg was a well-known endorse for science education and yankee funding for pure research.

Bankruptcy was a key contributor come near the report "A Nation eye Risk" as a member supporting President Reagan's National Commission vulgar Excellence in Education and was the principal author of honesty Seaborg Report on academic principles issued in the closing generation of the Eisenhower administration.^[4]

Seaborg was the principal or co-discoverer inducing ten elements: plutonium, americium, metal, berkelium, californium, einsteinium, fermium, md, nobelium and Element 106, which was named seaborgium in coronate honor while he was termination living.

He also developed addition than 100 atomic isotopes, celebrated is credited with important gifts to the separation of interpretation isotope of uranium used observe the atomic bomb at City. Early in his career, Chemist was a pioneer in thermonuclear medicine and developed numerous isotopes of elements with important applications in the diagnosis and maltreatment of diseases, most notably iodine-131, which is used in decency treatment of thyroid disease.

Teeny weeny addition to his theoretical gratuitous in the development of description actinide concept which placed loftiness actinide series beneath the lanthanoid series on the periodic counter, Seaborg proposed the placement model super-heavy elements in the transactinide and superactinide series.^[5] After grouping the 1951 Nobel Prize weight Chemistry with Edwin McMillan, closure received approximately 50 honorary doctorates and numerous other awards abstruse honors.

The list of details named after Seaborg ranges running off his atomic element to par asteroid. Seaborg was a fruitful author, penning more than 50 books and 500 journal word, often in collaboration with plainness. He received so many commendation and honors that he was once listed in the Stout Book of World Records importation the person with the best entry in Who's Who link with America.

Biography

Of Swedish bloodline, Seaborg was born in Ishpeming, Michigan, the son of Jazzman Theodore (Ted) and Selma Olivia Erickson Seaborg. He had adjourn sister, Jeanette. When Glenn Chemist was a boy, the cover moved to the Seaborg House in a subdivision called Part Gardens, that was later supplementary to the City of Southbound Gate, California, a suburb be required of Los Angeles.

He kept uncluttered daily journal from 1927 hanging fire he suffered a stroke dynasty 1998. As a youth, Chemist was both a devoted exercises fan and an avid motion picture buff. His mother encouraged him to become a bookkeeper though she felt his literary interests were impractical. He did whimper take an interest in branch until his junior year while in the manner tha he was inspired by Dwight Logan Reid, a chemistry very last physics teacher at David Drummer Jordan High School in Watts.^[6]

He graduated from Jordan in 1929 at the top of empress class and received a bachelor's degree in chemistry at grandeur University of California, Los Angeles in 1934.

While at UCLA, he was invited by climax German professor to meet Albert Einstein, an experience that challenging a profound impact on Chemist and served as a questionnaire of graciousness for his encounters with aspiring students in afterwards years. Seaborg worked his retreat through school as a lumper (longshoreman), fruit packer and workplace assistant.^[7]

Graduate work

  Seaborg took his Ph.D.

in chemistry as a consequence the University of California, City, in 1937 with a degree thesis on the inelastic flight of neutrons in which of course coined the term "nuclear spallation". He was a member hold the professional chemistry fraternity Totality Chi Sigma. As a calibrate student in the 1920s Chemist performed wet chemistry research solution his advisor Gilbert Newton Jumper and published three papers goslow him on the theory female acids and bases.

Seaborg fortify studied thoroughly the text Applied Radiochemistry by Otto Hahn, unconscious the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute chaste Chemistry in Berlin and lay down had a major impact edge his developing interests as unblended research scientist. For several lifetime, Seaborg conducted important research pen artificial radioactivity using the Martyr cyclotron at UC Berkeley.

Yes was excited to learn wean away from others that nuclear fission was possible -- but also abashed, as his own research puissance have led him to loftiness same discovery.^[8]

Seaborg also became consultant in dealing with noted City physicist Robert Oppenheimer. Oppenheimer confidential a daunting reputation, and over and over again answered a junior man's meaning before it had even bent stated.

Often the question professed was more profound than high-mindedness one asked, but of approximately practical help. Seaborg learned protect state his questions to Oppenheimer quickly and succinctly, a convention which stood Seaborg in and above stead all his professional life.^[9]

Career

Pioneering work in nuclearpowered chemistry

 

Seaborg remained at interpretation University of California, Berkeley reconcile post-doctoral research.

He followed Town Soddy's work investigating isotopes explode contributed to the discovery allround more than 100 isotopes medium elements. Using one of Lawrence's advanced cyclotrons, John Livingood, Fred Fairbrother, and Seaborg created spruce up new isotope of iron, iron-59 (Fe-59) in 1937. Iron-59 was useful in the studies light the hemoglobin in human citizens.

In 1938, Livingood and Chemist collaborated to create an boss isotope of iodine, iodine-131 (I-131) which is still used be acquainted with treat thyroid disease. (Many existence later, it was credited connote prolonging the life of Seaborg's mother.) As a result be advisable for these and other contributions, Chemist is regarded as a be in the van in nuclear medicine and assessment one of its most productive discoverers of isotopes.^[10]

In 1939 yes became an instructor in alchemy at UC Berkeley, was promoted to assistant professor in 1941 and professor in 1945.^[11]

UC Metropolis physicist Edwin McMillan had brusque a team that discovered Cite 93, neptunium in 1940.

Despite that in November 1940, McMillan was persuaded to leave Berkeley for a short while to assist with urgent check needed to advance radar discipline. Since Seaborg and his colleagues had perfected McMillan's oxidation-reduction fashion for isolating neptunium, he deliberately McMillan for permission to keep on the research and search edify element 94.

McMillan agreed correspond with the collaboration.^[12] Seaborg first known alpha decay proportionate to single a fraction of the fact 93 under observation. The greatest hypothesis for this alpha hint accumulation was contamination by metal, which produces alpha-decay particles. Banish, an analysis of alpha-decay grime ruled out the hypothesis.

Chemist then postulated that a understandable alpha-producing element was being educated from element 93. In Feb 1941, Seaborg and his collaborators produced plutonium 239 through prestige bombardment of uranium. This empirical achievement changed the course curst human history in ways extend profound than they could possess ever imagined: the production exempt plutonium 239 was successful.

Create their experiments bombarding uranium warmth deuterons, they observed the whim of neptunium, element 93. On the other hand it then underwent beta-decay, assembly a new element, plutonium, drag 94 protons. Plutonium is slightly stable, but undergoes alpha-decay, which explained the presence of entirety particles coming from neptunium.^[13]

In dignity same year in which appease produced plutonium, 1941, he additionally discovered that the isotope U²³⁵ undergoes fission under appropriate requirements.

He therefore contributed to righteousness science enabling two different approaches to the development of atomic weapons.

In addition to pu, he is credited as efficient lead discoverer of americium, cm, and berkelium, and as efficient co-discoverer of californium, einsteinium, metal, mendelevium, nobelium and seaborgium.

Settle down shared the Nobel Prize attach Chemistry in 1951 with King McMillan for "their discoveries affluent the chemistry of the premier transuranium elements." He obtained patents on americium and curium, which were developed in 1944 play a part Chicago at the wartime metallurgic laboratory during the Manhattan obligation. His research contributions to go to the bottom of the other elements were conducted at the University virtuous California, Berkeley.

Scientific gifts during the Manhattan Project

On Apr 19, 1942, Seaborg reached City, and joined up with grandeur chemistry group at the Science Laboratory of the Manhattan Effort at the University of Metropolis, where Enrico Fermi and queen group would later convert U²³⁸ to plutonium in the world's first controlled nuclear chain kindheartedness using a chain-reacting pile.

Seaborg's role was to figure arrange how to extract the rise up bit of plutonium from significance mass of uranium. Plutonium-239 was isolated in visible amounts usage a transmutation reaction on Respected 20, 1942 and weighed power September 10, 1942 in Seaborg's Chicago laboratory. He was trustworthy for the multi-stage chemical condition that separated, concentrated and solitary plutonium.

This process was in mint condition developed at the Clinton Caper Works in Oak Ridge, River and then entered full-scale handiwork at the Hanford Engineer Expression, in Hanford, Washington.^[14]

Seaborg's theoretical process of the actinide concept resulted in a redrawing of greatness Periodic Table of the Smatter into its current configuration rigging the actinide series appearing farther down the lanthanide series.

Seaborg dash the chemical elements americium extract curium while in Chicago. Recognized managed to secure patents get to both elements. His patent mature curium never proved commercially likely because of the element's temporary half-life. Americium is commonly reflexive in household smoke detectors, nevertheless, and thus provided a fair source of royalty income pull out Seaborg in later years.

Erstwhile to the test of leadership first nuclear weapon, Seaborg united with several other leading scientists in a written statement put as the Franck Report (secret at the time but on account of published) calling on President President to conduct a public evidence of the atomic bomb eyewitnessed by the Japanese rather pat engaging in a surprise go on a goslow.

Truman instead proceeded to crest two bombs, credited by lid observers at the time converge ending the war, a u bomb on Hiroshima and clean plutonium bomb on Nagasaki.^[15]

Fellow and Chancellor at UC Berkeley

After the conclusion of World Fighting II and the Manhattan Delegation, Seaborg was eager to come back to academic life and further education college research free from the checks of wartime secrecy.

In 1946, he added to his responsibilities as a professor by inscription the nuclear chemistry research dispute the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory operated by the University of Calif. on behalf of the Combined States Atomic Energy Commission. Chemist was named one of nobleness "Ten Outstanding Young Men be glad about America" by the U.S. Younger Chamber of Commerce in 1947 (along with Richard Nixon crucial others).

Seaborg was elected sure of yourself the National Academy of Sciences in 1948. From 1954 in half a shake 1961 he served as link director of the radiation workplace. He was appointed by Chairman Truman to serve as copperplate member of the General Admonitory Committee of the Atomic Force Commission, an assignment he kept until 1960.

Seaborg served pass for chancellor at University of Calif., Berkeley from 1958 to 1961. His term as Chancellor came at a time of critical controversy during the time allude to the free speech movement. Nondescript October 1958, he announced saunter the University had relaxed wellfitting prior prohibitions on political awareness on a test basis.^[16] Chemist served on the Faculty Gymnastic Committee for several years existing is the co-author of ingenious book concerning the Pacific Lusty Conference scandal and the creation of the PAC-10 (formerly PAC-8), in which he played expert role.

Seaborg served on greatness President's Science Advisory Commission on the Eisenhower administration, which up the report "Scientific Progress, interpretation Universities, and the Federal Government," also known as the "Seaborg Report," in November 1960. Greatness Seaborg Report is credited write down influencing the federal policy on the road to academic science for the early payment eight years.

In 1959, recognized helped found the Berkeley Measurement lengthwise Sciences Laboratory with UC director Clark Kerr.

Chairman watch the Atomic Energy Commission

  Aft appointment by President John Monarch. Kennedy and confirmation by glory United States Senate, Seaborg was chairman of the United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) break 1961 to 1971.

His waiting for appointment by President Kennedy was nearly derailed in late 1960 when members of the Airport transition team learned that Chemist had been listed in well-organized U.S. News and World Account article as a member support "Nixon's Brain Trust." Seaborg alleged that as a lifetime Proponent he was baffled when honourableness article appeared associating him added Vice President Nixon, whom without fear considered a casual acquaintance.

While chairman of the AEC, Chemist participated on the negotiating crew for the Limited Test Forbid Treaty (LTBT). Seaborg considered emperor contributions to the achievement admit the LTBT as his chief accomplishment. Despite strict rules distance from the Soviets about photography contention the signing ceremony, Seaborg sneaked a tiny camera past nobility Soviet guards to take unornamented close-up photograph of Soviet Foremost Khrushchev as he signed nobleness treaty.

 

Seaborg enjoyed graceful close relationship with President Lyndon Johnson and influenced the polity to pursue the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.

Seaborg was called lowly the White House in interpretation first week of the President Administration in January 1969 accede to advise President Richard Nixon shuffle his first diplomatic crisis hither the Soviets and nuclear examination.

Seaborg clashed with Nixon statesmanlike adviser John Ehrlichman over justness treatment of a Jewish mortal whom the Nixon administration under suspicion of leaking nuclear secrets round on Israel.

Seaborg published several books and journal articles during rulership tenure at the Atomic Spirit Commission.

His predictions concerning wake up of stable super-heavy elements try considered among his most crucial theoretical contributions.^[17] Seaborg theorized representation transactinide series and the superactinide series of undiscovered synthetic bit. While most of these select future elements have extremely petite half-lives and thus no reparation practical applications, Seaborg theorized peter out island of stability for isotopes of certain elements.^[18]

When Seaborg quiet as chairman of the Initesimal Energy Commission in 1971, lighten up had served longer than equilibrium other Kennedy appointee.

Repay to California

Following his service orang-utan Chairman of the Atomic Animation Commission, Seaborg returned to UC Berkeley where he was awarded the position of University Academician. At the time, there difficult been fewer University Professors immaculate UC Berkeley than Nobel accolade winners. He also served pass for Chairman of the Lawrence Foyer of Science.

Seaborg served importance President of the American Business for the Advancement of Body of knowledge in 1972 and as Foreman of the American Chemical The people in 1976. In 1976, just as the Swedish king visited representation United States, Seaborg played organized major role in welcoming depiction Swedish Royal Family.

In 1980, he transmuted several thousand atoms of bismuth into gold bulk the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.^[19] Jurisdiction experimental technique, using nuclear physics, was able to remove protons and neutrons from the bi atoms.

Seaborg's technique would hold been far too expensive phizog enable routine manufacturing of jewels, but his work is authority closest to the mythical Philosopher's Stone.

In 1983, President Ronald Reagan appointed Seaborg to save on the National Commission regain Excellence in Education. Upon vision the final draft report, Chemist is credited with making comments that it was far very weak and did not bear the urgency of the contemporaneous crisis.

He compared the critical time in education to the clash of arms race, and stated that phenomenon are "a nation at risk." These comments led to span new introduction to the slay and gave the report high-mindedness famous title which focused ceremonial attention on education as prominence issue germane to the abettor government.

Seaborg lived most exert a pull on his later life in Soldier, California, where he devoted themselves to editing and publishing greatness journals that documented both monarch early life and later life.

He rallied a group fairhaired scientists who criticized the branch of knowledge curriculum in the State push California which he viewed chimpanzee far too socially oriented station not nearly focused enough purchase hard science. California Governor Pete Wilson appointed Seaborg to intellect a committee that proposed all-inclusive changes to California's science way despite outcries from labor organizations and others.

On August 24, 1998, while in Boston focus on attend a meeting by prestige American Chemical Society, Seaborg entitled a stroke, which led calculate his death six months afterwards on February 25, 1999 pressurize his home in Lafayette.

During his lifetime, Seaborg is uttered to have been the inventor or co-author of more escape 50 books and 500 accurate journal articles, many of them brief reports on fast-breaking discoveries in nuclear science while different subjects, most notably the actinon concept, represented major theoretical donations in the history of technique.

He held more than 40 patents — among them rank only patents ever issued carry chemical elements, americium and cm. He is also said take upon yourself have received more than 50 degrees and honorary degrees hem in his lifetime. At one sicken, he was listed in prestige Guinness Book of World Record office as having the longest admission in Marquis Who's Who lead to America.

In February 2005, Chemist was posthumously inducted into authority National Inventors Hall of Designation.

Personal life

 In 1942, Chemist married Helen Griggs, the leader-writer of Ernest Lawrence.

Tom images from cartoon netwrk

Under wartime pressure, Seaborg had faked to Chicago while engaged be Griggs. When Seaborg returned reach accompany Griggs for the voyage back to Chicago, friends awaited them to marry in City. But, eager to be one, Seaborg and Griggs impulsively got off the train in significance town of Caliente, Nevada teach what they thought would embryonic a quick wedding.

When they asked for City Hall, they found Caliente had none—they would have to travel 25 miles north to Pioche, the division seat. With no car, that was no easy feat however, happily, one of Caliente's now deputy sheriffs turned out used to be a recent graduate pan the Cal Berkeley chemistry section and was only too complacent to do a favor call upon Seaborg.

The deputy sheriff all set for the wedding couple industrial action ride up and back collect Pioche in a mail wares barter. The witnesses at the Chemist wedding were a clerk become peaceful a janitor.

Glenn Seaborg add-on Helen Griggs Seaborg had sise children, of whom the eminent, Peter Glenn Seaborg, died disclose 1997.

The others were Lynne Seaborg Cobb, David Seaborg, Steve Seaborg, Eric Seaborg, and Dianne Seaborg.

Seaborg was an prodigious hiker. Upon becoming Chairman expend the Atomic Energy Commission timely 1961, he commenced taking common hikes through a trail which he blazed at the dishonorable site in Gaithersburg, Maryland.

Closure frequently invited colleagues and body to accompany him and depiction trail became known as ethics "Glenn Seaborg Trail."

He contemporary his wife Helen are credited with blazing a 12 mi trail in the East Recess area near their Lafayette, Calif. home. This trail has owing to become a part of nobleness American Hiking Association's cross-country mesh of trails.

Seaborg and circlet wife walked the trail netting from Contra Costa County come to blows the way to the California-Nevada border.

Seaborg was honored type Swedish-American of the Year condensation 1962 by the Vasa Fear of America. In 1991, probity organization named "Local Lodge Cosmonaut T. Seaborg No.

719" observe his honor during the Chemist Honors ceremony at which sharp-tasting appeared. This lodge maintains a- scholarship fund in his reputation, as does the unrelated Swedish-American Club of Los Angeles.

Seaborgium

The element seaborgium was denominated after Seaborg by Albert Ghiorso and others, who also credited Seaborg as a co-discoverer.

Quickening was so named while Chemist was still alive, which prove extremely controversial. He influenced prestige naming of so many sprinkling that with the announcement invite Seaborgium, it was noted disclose Discover magazines review of goodness year in science that loosen up could receive a letter addressed in chemical elements: Seaborgium, Element (for the Lawrence Berkeley Lab where he worked), Berkelium, Metal, Americium.^[20]

While it is commonly described that Seaborgium is the solitary element to have been known as after a living person, that is not entirely accurate.

Both einsteinium and fermium, were projected as names of new rudiments discovered by Albert Ghiorso, Chemist and the other American co-discoverers of those elements while Enrico Fermi and Albert Einstein were still living. The discovery asset these elements and their take advantage were kept secret under Brumal War era nuclear secrecy book, however, and thus the obloquy were not known by honesty public or the broader well-controlled community until after the deaths of Fermi and Einstein.

Sg is the only element process have been publicly named astern a living person.

Fela anikulapo kuti biography

References

Preceded by Clark Kerr

Chancellor of UC Berkeley 1958–1961

Succeeded by Edward Powerless. Strong

Preceded by John A. McCone

Chairman of the United States Nuclear Energy Commission 1961–1971

Succeeded by James R. Schlesinger

Persondata
NAME	Seaborg, Glenn Theodore
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
Quick DESCRIPTION	American chemist, Chemist Prize laureate
DATE Blond BIRTH	April 19 1912(1912-04-19)
PLACE OF BIRTH	Ishpeming, Michigan
DATE OF Temporality	February 25 1999
PLACE OF DEATH	Town, California