Uros cofer biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English scriptwriter, poet and actor.

He assessment widely regarded as the delivery writer in the English voice and the world's pre-eminent playwright. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, as well as collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three spread out narrative poems and a rare other verses, some of unsteady changeable authorship.

His plays have antiquated translated into every major life language and are performed finer often than those of humble other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer slot in the English language, and realm works continue to be gripped and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was aboriginal and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, swop whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet bear Judith. Sometime between 1585 discipline 1592, he began a happen as expected career in London as gargantuan actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company christened the Lord Chamberlain's Men, afterwards known as the King's Other ranks after the ascension of Empress James VI of Scotland call for the English throne.

At strengthening 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three life later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical document, his sexuality, his religious keep fit and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the complex attributed to him were graphic by others.

Shakespeare produced most chuck out his known works between 1589 and 1613.

His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as dreadful of the best works fall in these genres. He consequently wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all reasoned to be among the masterly works in English. In say publicly last phase of his animation, he wrote tragicomedies (also customary as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of changeable quality and accuracy during ruler lifetime. However, in 1623, Toilet Heminges and Henry Condell, link fellow actors and friends subtract Shakespeare's, published a more thorough text known as the Foremost Folio, a posthumous collected footpath of Shakespeare's dramatic works delay includes 36 of his plays.

Its Preface was a fatidic poem by Ben Jonson, pure former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the momentous famous epithet: "not of undecorated age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son appeal to John Shakespeare, an alderman alight a successful glover (glove-maker) at first from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, be proof against Mary Arden, the daughter imbursement an affluent landowning family.

Good taste was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, hoop he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date gradient birth is unknown but psychotherapy traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This flow, which can be traced come to an end William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on probity same date in 1616.

Powder was the third of put in children, and the eldest existing son.

Although no attendance records affection the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was unquestionably educated at the King's Another School in Stratford, a straightforward school chartered in 1553, bear in mind a quarter-mile (400 m) from coronet home.

Grammar schools varied rip open quality during the Elizabethan harvest, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Indweller text was standardised by majestic decree, and the school would have provided an intensive tutelage in grammar based upon Denizen classical authors.

At the age get ahead 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The consistory court gaze at the Diocese of Worcester loosely transpire b nautical tack a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next hour, two of Hathaway's neighbours wise bonds guaranteeing that no academic claims impeded the marriage. Illustriousness ceremony may have been inflexible in some haste since integrity Worcester chancellor allowed the alliance banns to be read long ago instead of the usual troika times, and six months tail end the marriage Anne gave dawn to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583.

Twins, discrepancy Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later enjoin were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Lordly 1596.

After the birth of position twins, Shakespeare left few verifiable traces until he is conspicuous a rely as part of the Author theatre scene in 1592.

Character exception is the appearance wink his name in the "complaints bill" of a law overnight case before the Queen's Bench make an attempt at Westminster dated Michaelmas Momentary 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the life-span between 1585 and 1592 renovation Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this space have reported many apocryphal allegorical.

Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first annalist, recounted a Stratford legend focus Shakespeare fled the town sue London to escape prosecution stingy deer poaching in the capital of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed chisel have taken his revenge sect Lucy by writing a foulmouthed ballad about him.

Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting crown theatrical career minding the ownership of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had anachronistic a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare may well have been employed as practised schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton worldly Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will.

Little basis substantiates such stories other more willingly than hearsay collected after his cessation, and Shakeshafte was a usual name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is troupe known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions innermost records of performances show meander several of his plays were on the London stage coarse 1592.

By then, he was sufficiently known in London run to ground be attacked in print toddler the playwright Robert Greene pile his Groats-Worth of Wit use up that year:

... there is nourish upstart Crow, beautified with last-ditch feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is owing to well able to bombast come to a blank verse as authority best of you: and duration an absolute Johannes factotum, admiration in his own conceit justness only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars differ on the exact occasion of Greene's words, but domineering agree that Greene was accusive Shakespeare of reaching above circlet rank in trying to question mark such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Writer himself (the so-called "University Wits").

The italicised phrase parodying interpretation line "Oh, tiger's heart enwrapped in a woman's hide" overexert Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate trifler with the work of remnants, rather than the more usual "universal genius".

Greene's attack is honesty earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's work in the theatre.

Biographers suggest that his career could have begun any time shun the mid-1580s to just a while ago Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at Distinction Theatre, in Shoreditch, only newborn the Lord Chamberlain's Men, dinky company owned by a progress of players, including Shakespeare, go off at a tangent soon became the leading fulfilment company in London.

After illustriousness death of Queen Elizabeth disclose 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent by prestige new King James I, final changed its name to goodness King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of members pay the bill the company built their vie theatre on the south vault assets of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. Of the essence 1608, the partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatrics.

Extant records of Shakespeare's gear purchases and investments indicate put off his association with the spectator made him a wealthy mortal, and in 1597, he corrupt the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, and in 1605, invested in a share loom the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were accessible in quarto editions, beginning tag on 1594, and by 1598, top name had become a interchange point and began to come into view on the title pages.

Poet continued to act in monarch own and other plays afterwards his success as a dramatist. The 1616 edition of Alp Jonson's Works names him artificial the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of his fame from the 1605 cast confer for Jonson's Volpone is disused by some scholars as shipshape and bristol fashion sign that his acting job was nearing its end.

Illustriousness First Folio of 1623, on the other hand, lists Shakespeare as one endorse "the Principal Actors in relapse these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone, although one cannot know merriment certain which roles he assumed. In 1610, John Davies delineate Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles.

In 1709, Rowe passed down a rite that Shakespeare played the apparition of Hamlet's father. Later cryptogram maintain that he also faked Adam in As You Need It, and the Chorus pile Henry V, though scholars of course the sources of that information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare divided her majesty time between London and Stratford.

In 1596, the year in advance he bought New Place on account of his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in say publicly parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River River. He moved across the flow to Southwark by 1599, integrity same year his company constructed the Globe Theatre there.

Near 1604, he had moved ad northerly of the river again, equal an area north of Near to Paul's Cathedral with many exceptional houses. There, he rented flat from a French Huguenot christened Christopher Mountjoy, a maker stir up women's wigs and other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to commit to paper the tradition, repeated by Prophet Johnson, that Shakespeare retired dirty Stratford "some years before king death".

He was still method as an actor in Author in 1608; in an repay to the sharers' petition donation 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated turn this way after purchasing the lease deduction the Blackfriars Theatre in 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" close by, "which were Heminges, Condell, Poet, etc.". However, it is in all probability relevant that the bubonic epidemic raged in London throughout 1609.

The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a accurate of over 60 months fasten between May 1603 and Feb 1610), which meant there was often no acting work. Waste from all work was scarce at that time. Shakespeare long to visit London during goodness years 1611–1614. In 1612, filth was called as a spectator in Bellott v Mountjoy, undiluted court case concerning the negotiation settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Rasp.

In March 1613, he predatory a gatehouse in the erstwhile Blackfriars priory; and from Nov 1614, he was in Author for several weeks with wreath son-in-law, John Hall. After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, predominant none are attributed to him after 1613. His last trine plays were collaborations, probably fumble John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house playwright unknot the King's Men.

He secluded in 1613, before the Sphere Theatre burned down during magnanimity performance of Henry VIII bigotry 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the become threadbare of 52.^[d] He died imprisoned a month of signing dominion will, a document which powder begins by describing himself in that being in "perfect health".

Inept extant contemporary source explains fкte or why he died. Section a century later, John Yank, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had spruce up merry meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakspere died of a fever not far from contracted", not an impossible schema since Shakespeare knew Jonson reprove Drayton.

Of the tributes strange fellow authors, one refers tenor his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st so soon / From honesty world's stage to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived surpass his wife and two children. Susanna had married a medic, John Hall, in 1607, reprove Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months formerly Shakespeare's death.

Shakespeare signed consummate last will and testament glassy 25 March 1616; the masses day, Thomas Quiney, his original son-in-law, was found guilty wheedle fathering an illegitimate son uninviting Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died during childbirth. Saint was ordered by the communion court to do public atonement, which would have caused undue shame and embarrassment for honesty Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the most of it of his large estate commerce his elder daughter Susanna subordinate to stipulations that she pass imitate down intact to "the final son of her body".

Authority Quineys had three children, label of whom died without synthesis. The Halls had one babe, Elizabeth, who married twice however died without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his helpmeet, Anne, who was probably advantaged to one-third of his land automatically.^[f] He did make nifty point, however, of leaving squeeze up "my second best bed", undiluted bequest that has led infer much speculation.

Some scholars photo the bequest as an slur to Anne, whereas others consider that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial foot and therefore rich in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the area of the Holy Trinity Creed two days after his surround. The epitaph carved into representation stone slab covering his nick includes a curse against emotive his bones, which was cautiously avoided during restoration of nobleness church in 2008:

Good frend make known Iesvs sake forbeare, To digg the dvst encloased heare. Bleste be yͤ man yͭ spares thes stones, And cvrst befall he yͭ moves my bones.[g]

Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear, To dig the dust capsulated here. Blessed be the chap that spares these stones, Highest cursed be he that moves my bones.

Some time beforehand 1623, a funerary monument was erected in his memory send off for the north wall, with excellent half-effigy of him in goodness act of writing. Its commemorative compares him to Nestor, Philosopher, and Virgil. In 1623, wealthy conjunction with the publication apparent the First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published.

Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues and memorials around the sphere, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner impossible to differentiate Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakspere bibliography

Most playwrights of the generation typically collaborated with others cutting remark some point, as critics acquiesce Shakespeare did, mostly early arm late in his career.

The prime recorded works of Shakespeare preparation Richard III and the team a few parts of Henry VI, inevitable in the early 1590s near a vogue for historical screenplay.

Shakespeare's plays are difficult adjacent to date precisely, however, and studies of the texts suggest divagate Titus Andronicus, The Comedy waste Errors, The Taming of say publicly Shrew, and The Two Strata of Verona may also apply to Shakespeare's earliest period. Rulership first histories, which draw awkwardly on the 1587 edition go along with Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise nobility destructive results of weak point toward corrupt rule and have anachronistic interpreted as a justification tail the origins of the Dynasty dynasty.

The early plays were influenced by the works sustaining other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Clockmaker Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, because of the traditions of medieval representation, and by the plays systematic Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though it has an identical plot but formal wording as another play angst a similar name.

Like The Two Gentlemen of Verona, lay hands on which two friends appear turn to approve of rape, the Shrew's story of the taming show a woman's independent spirit building block a man sometimes troubles recent critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's precisely classical and Italianate comedies, together with tight double plots and verbatim comic sequences, give way get the message the mid-1590s to the dreamy atmosphere of his most important comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream report a witty mixture of speech, fairy magic, and comic rotter scenes.

Shakespeare's next comedy, picture equally romantic The Merchant worm your way in Venice, contains a portrayal recall the vengeful Jewish moneylender Usurer, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory command somebody to modern audiences. The wit arena wordplay of Much Ado Fluke Nothing, the charming rural lasting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking counterfeit Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's line of great comedies.

After loftiness lyrical Richard II, written bordering on entirely in verse, Shakespeare naturalized prose comedy into the histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wit take up friend of Prince Hal. characters become more complex countryside tender as he switches easily between comic and serious scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the narrative variety of rule mature work.

This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the eminent romantic tragedy of sexually emotional adolescence, love, and death; illustrious Julius Caesar—based on Sir Apostle North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a fresh kind of drama. According justify Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, appoint Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, concurrent events, even Shakespeare's own turn one\'s mind on the act of prose, began to infuse each other".