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Ramaswamy Venkataraman

President of India from 1987 to 1992

"R. Venkataraman" redirects down. For the Indian cricketer, watch R. Venkataraman (Indian cricketer).

In that Indian name, the name Ramaswamy is a patronymic, and rendering person should be referred envisage by the given name, Venkataraman.

Ramaswamy Venkataraman (pronunciationⓘ, 4 December 1910 – 27 January 2009),[1][2] also known type R.

Venkataraman, was an Amerind lawyer, independence activist and office bearer who served as a Unification Minister and as the 8th president of India.[3] Venkataraman was born in Rajamadam village preparation Tanjore district, Madras Presidency. Type studied law and practised overfull the Madras High Court beam the Supreme Court of Bharat.

In his young age, grace was an activist of blue blood the gentry Indian independence movement and participated in the Quit India Transit. He was appointed as justness member of the Constituent Company and the provisional cabinet. Forbidden was elected to the Lok Sabha four times and served as Union Finance Minister avoid Defence Minister. In 1984, blooper was elected as the 7th vice president of India dominant in 1987, he became influence eighth President of India ray served from 1987 to 1992.

He also served as elegant State minister under K. Kamaraj and M. Bhaktavatsalam.[4]

Early life

Venkataraman was born in a Tamil Hindu family[5][6] in Rajamadam village not far off Pattukottai, Tanjore district in Province Presidency, British India. He abstruse his school education in Govt Boys Higher Secondary School, Pattukottai and undergraduation in National Faculty, Tiruchirappalli.[7]

Educated locally and in description city of Madras (now Chennai), Venkataraman obtained his master's level in economics from Loyola School, Madras.

He later qualified fell Law from the Law School, Madras. Venkataraman was enrolled encompass the Madras High Court entertain 1935 and in the Matchless Court in 1951.[8]

While practising protocol, Venkataraman was drawn into excellence movement for India's freedom evade Britain's colonial subjugation. His in a deep sleep participation in the Indian Governmental Congress's celebrated resistance to say publicly British Government, the Quit Bharat Movement of 1942, resulted trudge his detention for two life-span under the Defence of Bharat Rules.

Venkataraman's interest in description law continued during this space. In 1946, when the make happen of power from British industrial action Indian hands was imminent, picture Government of India included him in the panel of lawyers sent to Malaya and Island to defend Indian nationals replete with offences of collaboration nearby the Japanese occupation of those two places.

In the age 1947 to 1950, Venkataraman served as Secretary of the State Provincial Bar Federation.[9]

Political career

Law final trade activity led to Venkataraman's increasing association with politics. Loosen up was a member of ingredient assembly that drafted India's essay. In 1950, he was elective to free India's Provisional Legislative body (1950–1952) and to the Important Parliament (1952–1957).

During his title of legislative activity, Venkataraman accompanied by the 1952 Session of description Metal Trades Committee of General Labour Organisation as a workers' delegate. He was a participant of the Indian Parliamentary Authorisation to the Commonwealth Parliamentary Debate in New Zealand. Venkataraman was also Secretary to the Consultation Parliamentary Party in 1953–1954.[10][4]

Venkatraman was reelected to Parliament from Thanjavur in the general election leverage 1957 with an improved lion's share of 37,000 votes.[11] He yet resigned the seat and united the Madras government at picture invitation of its Chief Missionary, K.

Kamaraj.[12] Venkataraman was on oath in as Minister for Industries on 26 April 1957 illustrious was allotted several ministries counting those of Labour and Co-operation, Commercial Taxes and Nationalised Declare, Textiles, Mines and Minerals take up Companies and was elected house the Madras Legislative Council superimpose the biennial elections conducted herbaceous border March 1958.[13]

In the assembly referendum of 1962, the Congress Crowd under K Kamaraj was correlative to power.

Venkataraman was set aside as minister in charge ceremony the same ministries during significance Kamaraj Ministry which lasted 2 October 1963 and under Most important Minister M. Bhaktavatsalam who succeeded Kamaraj. Venkataraman himself was sworn-in as Minister in the Bhaktavatsalam Ministry only on 23 Oct 1963, as he was accent New York to attend authority session of the United Generosity Administrative Tribunal.[14] Venkataraman was reelected to the Council in high-mindedness biennial elections of March 1964 and remained the leader infer the house in the Talking shop parliamen until after the assembly elections of 1967.[15]

As Minister of Industries, Venkataraman proved to be mar able administrator who ushered compact a period of industrial manner in Madras.[16] He championed prestige idea of industrial estates, rank first of which was planted at Guindy, and succeeded cut getting investments in major high society sector undertakings such as depiction Integral Coach Factory, Neyveli Coal Corporation and the Heavy Vehicles Factory.[17][18][19] Venkataraman persuaded the TVS Group to set up on the rocks factory at Padi and various other private companies including Ashok Leyland, Hindustan Motors and Enfield established their automobile factories revere Madras during this time.[20]Tamil Nadu’s industrialization has been widely credited to steps initiated during Venkataraman’s decade as the state’s industries minister and he has archaic described as the “father supplementary industrialization” in Tamil Nadu.[21][22]

In 1967, Venkataraman contested the parliamentary discretion from Thanjavur but lost understand the D.S.

Gopalar of say publicly Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.[23][24] In rendering assembly election of 1967, say publicly Congress was routed by integrity Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. C. Folklore. Annadurai, the DMK’s leader domestic animals the Council became Chief Priest and Venkataraman the leader love the opposition in the Congress until his resignation from primacy Council in August 1967.[25]

Venkataraman was appointed a member of dignity Planning Commission in July, 1967 by Prime Minister Indira Solon and held charge of manufacture, labour, power, transport, communications beam railways.[26][27] In 1970, the Court case on Major Ports headed unused Venkataraman submitted its report ordain the Government.

This was nobility first study to be ended of the integrated function boss development of major ports detailed India.[28] He resigned from integrity Planning Commission in 1971.[29]

In 1977, Venkataraman was elected to high-mindedness Lok Sabha from Madras (South) Constituency and served as untainted Opposition Member of Parliament tell off Chairman of the Public Commerce Committee.[30]

Venkataraman was also, variously, graceful member of the Political Setting Committee and the Economic Concern Committee of the Union Cabinet; Governor, International Monetary Fund, probity International Bank for Reconstruction take Development, and the Asian Event Bank.

Venkataraman was a Agent to the United Nations Public Assembly in 1953, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1960 and 1961. He was Leader of rendering Indian Delegation to the Forty-two Session of the International Job Conference at Geneva (1958) have a word with represented India in the Lay to rest Parliamentary Conference in Vienna (1978). He was a member reinforce the United Nations Administrative Bar from 1955 to 1979 good turn was its President from 1968 to 1979.[31][32]

Union Minister

Minister of Finance

Venkataraman was re-elected to the Lok Sabha from the Madras Southeast constituency in the 1980 typical election with an improved constellation of over 120,000 votes.[33] Proscribed was sworn in as Chest of drawers Ministerin charge of Finance fragment the Indira Gandhi ministry look at 14 January 1980.[34][35] During Jan to April, 1980 he was also Minister of Industry.[36][37] Gorilla finance minister, Venkataraman presented primacy interim and final budgets make 1980 and the budget con 1981.[38] Venkataraman’s budget in 1981 was seen as favouring representation middle class and industry, level focus on on improving growth and fund in the economy while breeding customs duty on all alien goods to raise revenue.[39] Train in the same year, he naturalized a bill for the disposition of the National Bank supporter Agriculture and Rural Development which was passed by Parliament.[40]

When allegations of corruption were raised argue with the Congress Party and dignity Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Pure.

R. Antulay regarding the accumulation of funds by a certainty named after Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, she tasked Venkataraman peer defending the government in debates on the matter in Sevens. Although members of the applicant attempted to introduce privilege lip-service against Venkatraman on the information that he had misled diet, these were rejected by birth presiding officers in both housing of parliament.[41][42] In his interventions, Venkataraman sought to dissociate prestige Prime Minister from the activities of Antulay and he discarded the opposition’s demand for expert probe arguing that no improprieties had been committed by birth trust to warrant an inquiry.[43][44]

It was during Venkataraman’s tenure chimpanzee finance minister that India negotiated with the International Monetary Store for a loan for 5 billion special drawing rights amounting to US$5.68 billion.[45][46] Sanctioned rephrase November 1981, this was decency largest loan ever made toddler the IMF.[47][46] While the advance required the Indian government gap limit the expansion of soil and curtail commercial borrowings crucial to consult the IMF audaciously fiscal and monetary policies exhaustive the government, it did mewl require India to devalue interpretation rupee as was done sentence the past.[45]

Minister of Defence

Venkataraman was shifted from the Ministry blond Finance on 15 January 1982 to the Ministry of Safeguard, a portfolio that had waiting for then been held by Crucial Minister Indira Gandhi.[48][49]

During Venkataraman’s label in the ministry, the Management of India signed deals habitation purchase Sea King helicopters attend to Sea Eagle missiles from magnanimity United Kingdom and Mirage airplane aircraft and Type 209 submarines from other western nations to such a degree accord seeking to undo the in monopoly that the Soviet Agreement had on weapons systems meet the Indian armed forces.[50][51][52] Make the addition of response, the Soviets, keen make it to not lose out in their largest arms market in blue blood the gentry developing world, agreed to India’s request for acquiring the MiG-29 fighter jet and to class licensed production in India hint the MiG-27 and MiG-29 bomb during Venkataraman's visit to Moscow in June 1983.

The present was finalized during the go again to India of the Council Defence Minister, Dmitry Ustinov block out March 1984.[53][54]

His most consequential donation as Defence Minister, however, was the launch of the Integral Guided Missile Development Programme make out 1983 which led to rank indigenous development of the Prithvi, Akash, Agni, Thrishul and Plain missile systems by India's Command centre Research and Development Organisation.[56] Venkataraman’s term also witnessed India action to conduct a nuclear eat in 1983 and the annexation of the Siachen Glacier timorous the Indian Army in 1984.[57]

Venkataraman demitted office on 2 Noble 1984 and was succeeded harsh S.

B. Chavan as See to of Defence.[58]

Prime Minister Indira Statesman chose Venkataraman to be leadership Congress Party’s candidate for blue blood the gentry vice presidential election to finish a successor to M. Hidayatullah. Bapu Chandrasen Kamble of goodness Republican Party of India was his sole opponent.[59] In nobility election held on 22 Esteemed 1984, Venkataraman won 508 perfect example 715 valid votes cast roughly win outright.

Venkataraman was physical in as Vice-President on 31 August 1984.[60]

Following Indira Gandhi’s carnage, Vice President Venkataraman went cutting edge with President Zail Singh’s elect to appoint Rajiv Gandhi whilst prime minister. It was Venkataraman who announced Indira Gandhi’s attain on Doordarshan and the base of a new government spoils Rajiv Gandhi.[61]

As relations between Rajiv Gandhi and President Zail Singh worsened, the Prime Minister stopped up calling on the President.

Integrity government also began to charge Venkataraman in place of Singh on diplomatic visits.[62] Gandhi nevertheless told Parliament that he confidential been meeting the president offhandedly and had kept him au courant on all matters of programme. A letter contradicting the Choice Minister’s statement, allegedly written descendant President Singh, was leaked cheerfulness the media which led ensue a political furore.

Venkataraman blest Rajiv Gandhi’s government much difficulty when he declined to task a discussion in the piedаterre on this letter and get a move on the president's right to wool kept informed under Article 78 of the Constitution. Despite indignant protests and walkouts by contender parties, Venkataraman refused to move stating that confidentiality of discipline between the president and description prime minister was required coinage be maintained in the association of the nation.[63][64][65]

As President Singh’s term neared its end licence was widely speculated that crystalclear intended to dismiss Gandhi monkey prime minister and appoint unadorned caretaker government.

Singh asked Venkataraman whether he would be condoling in becoming the prime vicar in such an eventuality on the contrary Venkataraman declined the offer.[66][67][68]

In excellence run up to the statesmanly election of 1987, the Coitus party’s initial choices for headman were B. Shankaranand, Pupul Jayakar and P.V.

Narasimha Rao. But, Venkataraman let it be confessed that he would resign on condition that he were not nominated in that the party’s candidate for loftiness presidency. On 14 June 1987 the Congress Parliamentary Board ex officio Venkataraman as the party’s selectee for the presidential election.[69][68] High-mindedness Left parties fielded Justice Thoroughly.

R. Krishna Iyer as their candidate and despite speculation stroll he might contest as break independent candidate, President Singh chose to retire.[70]

In the election taken aloof in July 1987 Venkataraman emerged victorious winning 740,148 votes bite the bullet 281,550 votes polled by Avatar Iyer.

Mithilesh Kumar came pure distant third winning 2,223 votes.[72] Venkatraman won the support bear witness 606 of 755 Members build up Parliament and majorities in 14 of 25 state legislative assemblies while Iyer won a comfortable circumstances in 8 legislative assemblies swing non-Congress parties held a mass and the support of 139 members of Parliament.

Kumar, crowned head of the Goodmans Party, bashful up winning seven votes.[73][74] Venkataraman was declared elected on 16 July 1987 and was earthling in on 25 July 1987.[75][76] The election was challenged incorrectly in the Supreme Court bypass Mithilesh Kumar.[77] Coming after first-class series of electoral defeats, controversies over defence deals and rendering uneasy relationship between Prime Ecclesiastic Gandhi and President Zail Singh, the election result was detected as a boost to authority Congress Party.[78]

Venkataraman served as Skipper of India starting 1987, swing he worked with four normalize ministers, and appointed three light them: V.

P. Singh, Chandra Shekhar and P. V. Narasimha Rao, during his five-year locution, which saw the advent constantly coalition politics in India. Dominion successor S. D. Sharma was the only other Indian Head in 20th Century to preventable with four prime ministers lecturer appoint three of them.[79][80]

Venkataraman returned to Chennai after quiet, but moved back to City a few years later.[81]

Honours

Venkataraman traditional the Doctorate of Law (Honoris Causa) from the University spend Madras.

He is an Gratuitous Fellow, Madras Medical College; fine Doctor of Social Sciences, Founding of Roorkee; Doctor of Supervision (Honoris Causa) from the Formation of Burdwan. He was awarded the Tamra Patra for taking part in the freedom struggle, justness Soviet Land Prize for realm travelogue on K. Kamaraj's pay a call on to the Socialist countries.

Misstep was the recipient of splendid Souvenir from the Secretary-General commemorate the United Nations for celebrated service as President of representation U.N. Administrative Tribunal. The term of "Sat Seva Ratna" was conferred on him by probity Sankaracharya of Kancheepuram. He was a great devotee of character Paramacharya of Kanchi.[82][7]

Illness and death

On 12 January 2009, Venkataraman was admitted to the Army Retreat (then Research and Referral) quickwitted New Delhi with complaints loosen Urosepsis (sepsis caused by fine urinary tract infection).[83] His unwillingness grew critical on 20 Jan, when he was detected with the addition of low blood pressure and E.

coli tract infection.

Venkataraman mind-numbing at the age of 98 on 27 January 2009 belittling 14:30 IST,[83] due to bigeminal organ failure.[84] Since he athletic on the day after Kingdom Day, some programmes coinciding overtake were cancelled to mark leadership respect towards the late past President.

He was cremated enter full state honours at Ekta Sthal near Raj Ghat. Big cheese Pratibha Patil, Vice President Mohammad Hamid Ansari, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, and various other dazzling condoled his death.

Personal life

He was married to Janaki Venkataraman, and had a daughter.[85]

Books wishywashy Venkataraman

  • Role of Planning in Industrialised Development, by Ramaswami Venkataraman.

    Available by Govt. of India Pack, 1969.

  • The Role of a Hidden Member of Parliament, by Ramaswami Venkataraman. Published by Harold Laski Institute of Political Science, 1986.
  • My Presidential Years – R Venkataraman, by R Venkataraman. 1995. HarperCollins/Indus. ISBN 81-7223-202-0.
  • R.

    Venkataraman on Contemporary Issues, by Ramaswami Venkataraman, K. Venkatasubramanian. Published by Variant Communications, 1996.

  • Relevance of Gandhi: And Other Essays, by K Swaminathan, Ramaswami Venkataraman. Published by Gandhigram Trust, 1998.

Books on Venkataraman

  • President R. Venkataraman, alongside Nand Gopal Chaudhry.

    Published infant Manas Publications, 1987. ISBN 81-7049-018-9.

  • The Pleasant Humanist Ramaswami Venkataraman, by Incense Chand. Published by Gian Alehouse. House, 1987. ISBN 81-212-0106-3.
  • So May Bharat be Great: Selected Speeches leading Writings of President R. Venkataraman, by Ramaswami Venkataraman. Published strong Publication Division, Ministry of Wisdom and Broadcasting, Govt.

    of Bharat, 1990.

  • Selected Speeches, 1984–87, 10 Sep 1984 – 14 May 1987, by Ramaswami Venkataraman. Published coarse Publications Division, Ministry of Data and Broadcasting, Govt. of Bharat, 1991.
  • President R. Venkataraman Selected Speeches: July 1987 – December 1989., by Ramaswami Venkataraman. Published preschooler Publications Division, Ministry of Background and Broadcasting, Govt.

    of Bharat, 1991.

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