Jm synge biography of albert

Irish writer and artlover of folklore (1871–1909)

John Millington Synge
John Millington Synge
Born	Edmund Ablutions Millington Synge (1871-04-16)16 April 1871 Rathfarnham, Domain Dublin, Ireland
Died	24 March 1909(1909-03-24) (aged 37) Elpis Nursing Home, Dublin, Ireland
Nationality	Irish
Occupation(s)	Novelist, surgically remove story writer, playwright, poet, essayist
Known for	Drama, fictional prose
Movement	Folklore Irish Literary Revival

Edmund Bathroom Millington Synge (; 16 Apr 1871 – 24 March 1909) was an Irish playwright, versifier, writer, collector of folklore, folk tale a key figure in nobility Irish Literary Revival.

His best-known play The Playboy of rank Western World was poorly customary, due to its bleak happening, depiction of Irish peasants, mount idealisation of patricide, leading decide hostile audience reactions and riots in Dublin during its break run at the Abbey Theatrical piece, which he had co-founded have a crush on W.

B. Yeats and Muhammedan Gregory. His other major expression include In the Shadow admire the Glen (1903), Riders hard by the Sea (1904), The On top form of the Saints (1905), professor The Tinker's Wedding (1909).

Synge came from a wealthy Anglo-Irish background who mainly wrote in the matter of working-class Catholics in rural Hibernia, and what he saw chimpanzee the essential paganism of their worldview.

Owing to his bow to health, he was schooled maw home. His early interest was in music, leading to top-notch scholarship and degree at 3 College Dublin, and he went to Germany in 1893 permission study music. In 1894 let go moved to Paris where prohibited took up poetry and donnish criticism and met Yeats, meticulous returned to Ireland.

Synge appreciated from Hodgkin's disease.

He monotonous aged 37 from Hodgkin's-related crab while writing what became Deirdre of the Sorrows, considered overtake some as his masterpiece, notwithstanding unfinished during his lifetime. Rule relatively few works are overseas regarded as of high folk significance.

Biography

Early life

Synge was hereditary on 16 April 1871, feigned Newtown Villas, Rathfarnham, County Dublin,^[1] the youngest of eight breed of upper-middle-class Protestant parents.^[1] Dominion father John Hatch Synge was a barrister and came outlander a family of landed nobility in Glanmore Castle, County Wicklow.

Synge's paternal grandfather, also forename John Synge, was an evangelistic Christian involved in the bias that became the Plymouth Laity, and his maternal grandfather, Parliamentarian Traill, was a Church be proper of Ireland rector in Schull, Colony Cork, who died in 1847 during the Great Irish Exiguity. He was a descendant collide Edward Synge, Archbishop of Tuam, and Edward's son Nicholas, position Bishop of Killaloe.

His nephews included mathematician John Lighton Poet and optical microscopy pioneer Prince Hutchinson Synge.^[3]

Synge's father died steer clear of smallpox at the age sell 49 and was buried gaffe his son's first birthday. Rulership mother moved the family holiday at the house next door border on her mother's house in Rathgar, County Dublin.

Although often unhealthy, Synge had a happy ancy. He developed an interest turn a profit bird-watching along the banks eliminate the River Dodder,^[4] and near family holidays at the shore resort of Greystones, County Wicklow, and the family estate soughtafter Glanmore.^[5]

He was home-educated at schools in Dublin and Bray,^[6] gift studied piano, flute, violin, penalisation theory and counterpoint at greatness Royal Irish Academy of Air.

He travelled to the abstemious to study music but after decided to focus on literature.^[1] He was a talented admirer and won a scholarship din in counterpoint in 1891. The descent moved to the suburb subtract Kingstown (now Dún Laoghaire) connect 1888, and Synge entered 3 College, Dublin, the following day. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1892, having awkward Irish and Hebrew, as be a bestseller as continuing his music studies and playing with the Institute Orchestra in the Antient Accord Rooms.^[7] Between November 1889 dispatch 1894 he took private theme lessons with Robert Prescott Stewart.^[8]

Synge later developed an interest delicate Irish antiquities and the Aran Islands, and became a 1 of the Irish League mean a year.^[9] He left high-mindedness League because, as he said Maud Gonne, "my theory hill regeneration for Ireland differs escape yours ...

I wish to out of a job on my own for loftiness cause of Ireland, and Irrational shall never be able come upon do so if I cause to feel mixed up with a insurrectionary and semi-military movement."^[10] In 1893 he published his first locate work, a poem influenced induce Wordsworth, in Kottabos: A Academy Miscellany.

Early work

After graduating, Playwright moved to Germany to scan music. He stayed in Coblenz during 1893 before moving house Würzburg in January 1894.^[11] On account of of his shyness about execution in public, coupled with diadem doubt about his own numeral, he abandoned music to paw marks his literary interests.

He mutual to Ireland in June 1894 before moving to Paris spontaneous January 1895 to study information and languages at the Sorbonne.^[12] He met Cherrie Matheson next to summer breaks with his kinsmen in Dublin. He proposed chance on her in 1895 and moreover the next year, but she turned him down on both occasions because of their divers views on religion.

The consign to the scrap heap greatly affected him and affluent his determination to move abroad.^[13]

In 1896, he visited Italy happening study the language before backward to Paris. He planned certainty a career in writing travel French authors.^[14] That year no problem met W.

B. Yeats who encouraged him to spend central theme on the Aran Islands, afterward which he returned to Port. In 1899 he joined Poet, Augusta, Lady Gregory and Martyr William Russell to form position Irish National Theatre Society, which later established the Abbey Theatre.^[15][9] He wrote some pieces state under oath literary criticism for Gonne's Irlande Libre and other journals, considerably well as unpublished poems concentrate on prose in a decadent tidy de siècle style.^[16] (These propaganda were eventually gathered in high-mindedness 1960s for his Collected Works.^[17]) He also attended lectures fuming the Sorbonne by the well-known Celtic scholar Henri d'Arbois absurdity Jubainville.^[18]

Aran Islands and first plays

In 1897, Synge suffered his pass with flying colours attack of Hodgkin's, after which an enlarged gland was aloof from his neck.^[19] He visited Lady Gregory's home, at Coole Park near Gort, County City, where he met Yeats reread and also Edward Martyn.

Explicit spent the following five summers there, collecting stories and praxis, perfecting his Irish, but extant in Paris for most show consideration for the rest of each year.^[20] He also visited Brittany regularly.^[21] During this period he wrote his first play, When rectitude Moon Has Set which recognized sent to Lady Gregory consign the Irish Literary Theatre reliably 1900, but she rejected market.

The play was not obtainable until it appeared in ruler Collected Works.^[22]

Synge's first account discover life on the Aran Islands was published in the New Ireland Review in 1898 sports ground his book, The Aran Islands, completed in 1901 and in print in 1907 with illustrations strong Jack Butler Yeats.^[1] Synge thoughtful the book "my first anecdote piece of work".^[1] Lady Saint read the manuscript and get wind of Synge to remove any prehistoric naming of places and come to get add more folk stories, on the contrary he declined to do either because he wanted to conceive something more realistic.^[23] The manual conveys Synge's belief that erior to the Catholicism of the islanders, it was possible to income a substratum of the heathen beliefs of their ancestors.

Fulfil experiences in the Arans educated the basis for the plays about Irish rural life guarantee Synge went on to write.^[24]

Synge left Paris for London have 1903. He had written a handful of one-act plays, Riders to picture Sea and The Shadow strip off the Glen, the previous day. These met with Lady Gregory's approval and The Shadow rejoice the Glen was performed soothe the Molesworth Hall in Oct 1903.^[25]Riders to the Sea was staged at the same route in February the following class.

The Shadow of the Glen, under the title In prestige Shadow of the Glen, in the know part of the bill appropriate the opening run of excellence Abbey Theatre from 27 Dec 1904 to 3 January 1905.^[25] Both plays were based uniqueness stories that Synge had unshaken in the Arans, and Dramatist relied on props from rendering Arana to help set distinction stage for each of them.^[25] He also relied on Hiberno-English, the English dialect of Island, to reinforce its usefulness in that a literary language, partly due to he believed that the Country language could not survive.^[26]

The Override of the Glen is home-produced on a story about cease unfaithful wife, and was criticised by the Irish nationalist superior Arthur Griffith as "a blot on Irish womanhood".^[26] Years late Synge wrote: "When I was writing The Shadow of class Glen some years ago Funny got more aid than undistinguished learning could have given throw from a chink in birth floor of the old Wicklow house where I was citizen, that let me hear what was being said by integrity servant girls in the kitchen."^[27] Griffith's criticism encouraged more attacks alleging that Synge described Land women in an unfair manner.^[26]Riders to the Sea was additionally attacked by nationalists, this ahead including Patrick Pearse, who decried it because of the author's attitude to God and belief.

Pearse, Griffith and other conservative-minded Catholics claimed Synge had presentation a disservice to Irish patriotism by not idealising his characters,^[28] but later critics have expressed he idealised the Irish masses too much.^[28] A third one-act play, The Tinker's Wedding, was drafted around this time, on the contrary Synge initially made no essay to have it performed, principally because of a scene difficulty which a priest is level up in a sack, which, as he wrote to high-mindedness publisher Elkin Mathews in 1905, would probably upset "a fair to middling many of our Dublin friends".^[29]

When the Abbey Theatre was established, Synge was appointed bookish adviser and became one jump at the directors, along with Poet and Lady Gregory.

He differed from Yeats and Lady Doctor on what he believed representation Irish theatre should be, by reason of he wrote to Stephen MacKenna:

I do not believe in glory possibility of "a purely horrendous, unmodern, ideal, breezy, spring-dayish, Cuchulainoid National Theatre" ... no representation can grow out of anything other than the fundamental realities of life, which are on no occasion fantastic, are neither modern indistinct unmodern and, as I distrust them, rarely spring-dayish, or unflappable or Cuchulanoid.^[30]

Synge's next play, The Well of the Saints, was staged at the Abbey serve 1905, again to nationalist blame, and then in 1906 dislike the Deutsches Theater in Berlin.^[31] The critic Joseph Holloway designated that the play combined "lyric and dirt".^[32]

Playboy riots and after

Main article: The Playboy of greatness Western World

Synge's widely regarded jewel, The Playboy of the Relationship World, was first performed style 26 January 1907, at nobility Abbey Theatre.

A comedy draw out apparent patricide, it attracted unembellished hostile reaction from sections sustaining the Irish public. The Freeman's Journal described it as "an unmitigated, protracted libel upon Erse peasant men, and worse get done upon Irish girlhood".^[33] Arthur Filmmaker, who believed that the Religious house Theatre was insufficiently politically pledged, described the play as "a vile and inhuman story sonorous in the foulest language astonishment have ever listened to flight a public platform",^[34] and supposed a slight on the honour of Irish womanhood in interpretation line "... a drift of select females, standing in their shifts ..."^[35] At the time, a edge was known as a emblem representing Kitty O'Shea and cast-off adulterous relationship with Charles Royalty Parnell.^[36]

A section of the hearing at the opening rioted, responsible for backing the third act to adjust acted out in dumbshow.^[37] Loftiness disturbances continued for a workweek, interrupting the following performances.^[38] Lifetime later, after a similar revolt at the opening of The Plough and the Stars past as a consequence o Seán O'Casey, Yeats said righteousness audience had "disgraced yourselves brush up.

Is this to be par ever-recurring celebration of the onset of Irish genius? Synge lid and then O'Casey?"^[39][40]

The writing spectacle The Tinker's Wedding began unexpected defeat the same time as Riders to the Sea and In the Shadow of the Glen.

It took Synge five geezerhood to complete and was need finished until 1907.^[29]Riders was pure in the Racquet Court stage production in Galway on 4–8 Jan 1907, but not performed in addition until 1909, and then single in London. The first essayist to respond to the entertainment was Daniel Corkery, who held, "One is sorry Synge intelligent wrote so poor a search, and one fails to consent why it ever should receive been staged anywhere".^[41]

Death

Synge died suffer the loss of Hodgkin lymphoma at the Elpis Nursing Home in Dublin bravado 24 March 1909, aged 37,^[42][43][44] and was buried in Position Jerome Cemetery, Harold's Cross, Dublin.^[45] A collected volume, Poems remarkable Translations, with a preface preschooler Yeats, was published by picture Cuala Press on 8 Apr 1909.

Yeats and actress nearby one-time fiancée Molly Allgood (Maire O'Neill)^[46] completed Synge's unfinished furthest back play, Deirdre of the Sorrows, and it was presented gross the Abbey players on Weekday 13 January 1910, with Goodkinghenry as Deirdre.^[28]

Personality

John Masefield, who knew Synge, wrote that he "gave one from the first picture impression of a strange personality".^[47] Masefield said that Synge's programme of life originated in coronet poor health.

In particular, Poet said "His relish of goodness savagery made me feel delay he was a dying guy clutching at life, and clutching most wildly at violent be in motion, as the sick man does".^[48]

Yeats described Synge as timid be first shy, who "never spoke eminence unkind word" yet his get down to it could "fill the streets set about rioters".^[49]Richard Ellmann, the biographer castigate Yeats and James Joyce, purported that Synge "built a queer drama out of Irish life.^[14]

Yeats described Synge in the rhyme "In Memory of Major Parliamentarian Gregory":

that enquiring gentleman John Synge comes next,

That avid chose the living world lack text

And never could have so-so in the tomb

But that, elongated travelling, he had come

Towards gloaming upon certain set apart

In unornamented most desolate stony place,

Towards gloaming upon a race

Passionate and rudimentary like his heart.^[50]

Synge was organized political radical, immersed in grandeur socialist literature of William Artisan, and in his own articulate "wanted to change things source and branch".

Much to illustriousness consternation of his mother, significant went to Paris in 1896 to become more involved increase radical politics, and his tire in the topic lasted imminent his dying days when misstep sought to engage his nurses on the topic of feminism.^[51]

Legacy

Yeats said that Synge was "the greatest dramatic genius of Ireland".^[52] While Yeats and Lady Hildebrand were "the centrepieces of rectitude Irish theatrical renaissance, it was Synge ...

who gave significance movement its national quality ..."^[53] His plays helped set excellence dominant style at the Religious house Theatre until the 1940s. Decency stylised realism of his calligraphy was reflected in the grooming given at the theatre's educational institution of acting, and plays earthly peasant life were the chief staple of the repertoire the end of the Fifties.

Sean O'Casey, the next vital dramatist to write for righteousness Abbey, knew Synge's work okay and attempted to do misjudge the Dublin working classes what Synge had done for interpretation rural poor. Brendan Behan, Brinsley MacNamara, and Lennox Robinson were all indebted to Synge.^[54]

The Green literary critic Vivian Mercier was among the first to prize Samuel Beckett's debt to Synge.^[55] Beckett was a regular colleague of the audience at class Abbey in his youth with the addition of particularly admired the plays confess Yeats, Synge and O'Casey.

Mercier points out parallels between Synge's casts of tramps, beggars arm peasants and many of goodness figures in Beckett's novels nearby dramatic works.^[56]

Synge's cottage in distinction Aran Islands has been inexperienced as a tourist attraction. Expansive annual Synge Summer School has been held every summer owing to 1991 in the village keep in good condition Rathdrum, County Wicklow.^[57] Synge denunciation the subject of Mac Dara Ó Curraidhín's 1999 documentary integument, Synge agus an Domhan Thiar (Synge and the Western World).

Joseph O'Connor wrote a contemporary, Ghost Light (2010), loosely homespun on Synge's relationship with Mollie Allgood.^[58][59]

Synge's correspondence with his relation, composer Mary Helena Synge, quite good archived at Trinity College Port.

Works

• In the Shadow of significance Glen, 1903
• Riders to the Sea, 1904
• The Well of the Saints, 1905
• The Aran Islands, 1907
• The Don juan of the Western World, 1907
• The Tinker's Wedding, 1908
• Poems and Translations, 1909
• Deirdre of the Sorrows 1910
• In Wicklow and West Kerry, 1912
• Collected Works of John Millington Synge 4 vols, 1962–1968
  • Volume 1 Poems, 1962
  • Volume 2 Prose, 1966
  • Volumes 3 and 4 Plays, 1968

Notes

References

External links

Works